]q¡-fpsS Akm-am-\y-amb `wKnbpw ZoÀL-Imew tISm-hm-Xn-cn-¡m-\pÅ Ignhpw sImïv BtKm-f-]p-jv]-hy-h-km-bw Iog-S-¡n-s¡m-ïn-cn-¡pó Hcp hn`m-K-amWv HmÀ¡nUp-IÄ.  ]pjv]n-¡pó sNSn-I-fpsS Gähpw henb IpSpw-_-amb HmÀ¡n-tU-kn-tb-bnðs¸« HmÀ¡n-Up-I-fnð Adp-\q-dn-tesd P\p-Êp-Ifpw ap¸-Xn-\m-bn-c-¯n-tesd kv]ojo-kp-Ifpw DÅ-Xmbn tcJs¸Sp¯n-bn-«p-ïv.

DjvW-ta-J-e-bnse Xmgvó Xoc-{]-tZiw apXð lnam-ebw hscbpw `qa-²y-tcJ apXð BÀ«nIv {[phw hsc-bp-apÅ GXp {]tZ-i¯pw HmÀ¡nUv Fó kky-hÀ¤s¯ ImWmw. HmÀ¡n-Up-Isf {][m-\-ambpw cïmbn Xcw Xncn-¡mw. a®nð hf-cp-ó-hbpw (Terrestrial) ac-§-fnð hf-cp-ó-hbpw (Epiphytes). ]m^n-tbm-s]-ssU-ew, Pqhð HmÀ¡nUv Fónh BZy-hn-`m-K-¯nð s]Sp-óp. hm³U, sU³t{Um-_nbw Fónh cïm-as¯ hn`m-K-¯n-epw.

cïp-Xcw hfÀ¨m-co-Xn-bmWv HmÀ¡n-Up-IÄ¡p-Å-Xv. t\sc-ap-I-fn-tebv¡v hf-cpó coXn (tam-tWm-t]m-Un-bð) BWv Hóv. hm³U, Acm-Iv\n-kv, s^e-t\m-]vknkv apX-em-bh Cu Iq«-¯nð s]Sp-óp. Ce-I-fpw, thcp-I-fpw, ]q¦pe-Ifpw Ch-bpsS Xïn-ep-S-\ofw ImWmw. asämcp hn`m-K-amb knwt]m-Un-b-ep-I-fn-em-hs« ssdtkmw AYhm Ing-§p-I-fnð\nópw hi-§-fn-te¡v hf-cpó coXn-bmWv ImWp-ó-Xv. hfÀ¨-sb-¯n.b Hcp knwt]m-Un-bð C\-¯nð ]e {]mb-¯n-epÅ Hcp Iq«w Xïp-IÄ ImWmw. C¡p-«-¯nðs¸« Nne {][m\ P\p-Êp-I-fnð (Imävenb, sU³t{Um-_n-bw, H³kn-Un-bw) ]qhn-Spó Xïp-IÄ \in-¡p-ó-tXm-sSm¸w Nph-«nð \nóv thsdmcp apIpfw hóv Pohn-X-N{Iw \ne-\nÀ¯p-óp. C¯cw ]pXp-\m-¼p-I-fpsS hfÀ¨ sNSn-bpsS hfÀ¨-bpsS Znisb kqNn-¸n-¡p-óp. Npcp-¡-¯nð tamtWm-]m-Un-b-ep-IÄ Ip¯s\ apI-fn-te¡pw knwt]m-Un-b-ep-IÄ hi-§-fn-te¡pw hf-cp-óp.

Xpd-Êmb Øe¯v sjbvUv s\äp-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v XWð {Iao-I-cn¨v HmÀ¡n-Up-IÄ hfÀ¯p-ó-XmWv \ñ-Xv. ]¯p hÀj¯nð IqSp-Xð {]mbapÅ sX§n³ tXm¸p-I-fnepw HmÀ¡nUv hfÀ¯m-hp-ó-Xm-Wv.

Gähpw BIÀj-I-amb HmÀ¡n-Up-I-sfñmw F¸n-ss^äv hn`m-K-¯nðs¸«-h-bm-Wv. Ch-bpsS ap«p-I-fnð\nóv hf-cpó thcp-IÄ hgnbmWv t]mj-I-§fpw shÅhpw A´-co-£-¯nð \nóv hen-s¨-Sp-¡p-ó-Xv. a®nð hf-cp-ó-h-bpw, ac-§-fnð hf-cp-ó-hbpw hyXykvX Af-hn-epÅ XW-enð hf-cpw. IqSp-Xð XW-enð hf-cpó sNSn-IÄ¡v ImbnI hfÀ¨ IqSp-sa-¦nepw ]q¡Ä \tó Ipd-hm-bn-cn-¡pw. \ñ-Xp-t]mse ]q¡p-ó-Xn\v XWð {Iao-I-cWw hfsc AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. CXm-Is« kv]ojo-kn\pw C\-¯n\pw A\p-k-cn¨v hyXy-kvX-hp-am-Wv. HmÀ¡nUv sNSn-I-fpsS icn-bmb hfÀ¨bv¡pw ]pjv]n-¡-en\pw A´-co-£-¯nse Xm]-\ne DbÀón-cn-¡p-ó-XmWv D¯-aw. Gähpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Bt]-£nI BÀ{Z-X 50 apXð 80 iXam\w hsc-bmWv. A´-co£w ip²-am-bn-cn-¡pó Ah-Ø-bn-emWv HmÀ¡n-Up-IÄ Xg¨p hf-cp-I. hmbp-k-ômcw \ðIn A´-co£w hr¯n-bmbn kq£n-¡p-ó-Xn\pw H¸w CuÀ¸hpw Dujvamhpw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw {Iao-I-cn-¡p-hm\pw {i²n-¡-Ww. hfÀ¨-¡-\p-tbm-Py-amb NqSnsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nð HmÀ¡n-Up-Isf DjvW-ta-J-e HmÀ¡n-Up-IÄ, anX-io-tXmjvWtaJem HmÀ¡n-Up-IÄ, ioX-ta-Jem HmÀ¡n-Up-IÄ Fón-§s\ Xncn-¨n-cn-¡p-óp.

C\-§Ä

Acm-Iv\n-kv	Acm³U	Acm-s´-d	Imäven-b

Hm¬koUnbw	s^e-t\m-¸vknkv	]m^n-tbm-s]-ssU-ew

tIc-f-¯nse Imem-h-Ø-bnð Irjn-sN-¿m³ tbmPn¨ P\p-Êp-IÄ Acm-Iv\n-kv, Acm-s´-d, hm³U, s^e-t\m-¸vknkv (tam-tWm-t]m-Un-bðkv), Acm³U, sam¡md (P-\p-Êp-IÄ X½nð k¦-cWw \S-¯nb tamtWm-]m-Un-bð) sU³t{Um-_n-bw, Imäven-b, Hm¬koUnbw (knw-t]m-Un-bðkv) Fón-h-bm-Wv.

sU³t{Um-_nbw P\p-ÊmWv tIc-f-¯nð Gähpw A[nIw {]Nm-c-¯n-ep-Å-Xv. Ch-bnð Nne {][m\ C\-§sf \nd-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nð Xcw-Xn-cn-¡mw.

shfp¯ ]q¡Ä : F½ -ssh-äv, s^b-dn- ssh-äv, Imknw sshäv,kvt\m sshäv

]À¸nfpw shÅbpw IeÀó ]q¡Ä: tkmWnb 17, tkmWnb 28, tkmWn-b t_mw tPm, CuÀkm-Ipð 

]À¸nÄ ]q¡Ä : dn\-¸, \yq hm-Wn, kss_³ sdUv, Pqdn- sdUv, മാസ്റ്റര്‍ ഡിലൈറ്റ്, വെല്‍വെറ്റ് സോഫ്റ്റ്‌ 

]n¦v ]q¡Ä: k¡qd ]n¦v, \yq ]n¦v, ലെമണ്‍ ഗ്ലോ, പിങ്ക് കാസ്കെയ്ഡ്

aª ]q¡Ä: Imknw tKmÄUv, sjdn-^-þ-^m-¯n-a, tSm§vNm-bv tKmÄUv  

{]P-\-\hpw \Soepw

km[m-c-W-bmbn Imbn-I-{]-hÀ²-\-amWv \S-¯n-h-cp-ó Xv. tamtWm-t]m-Un-bð HmÀ¡nUp-IÄ Xïp apdn¨p \«v ]nSn-¸n-¡mw. Htóm ctïm thcp-I-fpÅ A{K-`m-K-amWv \Soð hkvXp-hmbn D]-tbm-Kn-t¡-ï-Xv. GI-tZiw 30 sk. ao. \of-¯nð thcp-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb IS`m-Khpw \Sm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. Fómð Ch hf-cm\pw ]pXnb \m¼p-IÄ Dïm-Im\pw Ime-Xm-akw hcpw. knwt¼m-Un-bð HmÀ¡n-Up-IfpsS aqtóm \mtem Xïp-IÄ sNSn-bnð \nópw thÀs]-Sp-¯n-bmWv hwi-hÀ²\ \S-¯póXv. Xïnsâ apIÄ`m-K-¯mbn thtcm-Sp-Iq-Snb sNdnb Xïp-IÄ ImWm-dp-ïv. ‘Io¡okv’ FómWv Chsb ]d-bp-I. ]qÀ®-h-fÀ¨-sb-¯n-bmð Ah thÀs]-Sp¯n amän \Smw. ]q¯p-I-gnª Xïp-IÄ amXr-k-ky-¯nð \nóv ASÀ¯n-amän aoUn-b-¯nð InS-¯n-sh¨p sImSp¯p \\-¨mð apIp-f-§-fnð \nópw ]pXnb sNSn-IÄ Dïm-¡n-sb-Sp-¡mw.
hn¯p-IÄ hgn-bpw, tcmKmWp hnap-à-amb ]cn-X-Øn-Xn-bnð, {]P-\\w \S-¯mw.  hn¯nð \nópÅ sNSn-IÄ ]pjv]n-¡p-hm³ IqSp-Xð kabw (2 apXð 5 hÀjw hsc) FSp-¡pw.

HmÀ¡n-Unsâ hn]p-e-amb hwi-hÀ²-\-hn\v Snjyq- IĨÀ coXn-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-¨p-h-cp-ó-Xv.

tamtWm-t]m-Un-bð HmÀ¡n-Up-IÄ \of-¯n-ep-ïm-¡nb Nmep-I-fnð sXmïp-IÄ \nc¯n sNSn-IÄ X½nð 30 sk. aoädpw hcn-IÄ X½nð 45 sk. aoädpw AI-e-¯n-embn \tS-ï-Xm-Wv. Nmenð ctïm aqtóm hcn-IÄ\-Smw. IS-`m-Ks¯ Ij-W-§Ä¡v cïp-am-k-¯n-\Iw apf-h-cpw. IS`m-K¯p \nópÅ Ij-W-§Ä \gvkdn XS-§-fnð ASp-¯-Sp¯v \«mWv apf-¸n-¡p-óXv. apf hó-Xn-\p-tijw ip]mÀi sNbvXn-«pÅ AI-e-¯nð \Sp-I. 15þ20 sk. ao. Db-c-¯nð XS-sa-Sp¯v AXnð DW-§nb NIncn \nd¨v tamtWm-t]m-Un-bð HmÀ¡n-Up-IÄ \Smw. knwt]m-Un-bð HmÀ¡n-Up-IÄ Xd \nc-¸nð\nópw Db-c-¯nð hfÀt¯-ï-Xm-Wv. Xq¡n-bn-Spó Xc-¯nepw Ch hfÀ¯mw. Zzmc-§-fpÅ ac-¸m-{X-¯nð DW-§nb NIn-cnbpw ac-¡-cnbpw \nd¨v AXnð Ch hfÀ¯mw. Cu an{inXw sNSn-bpsS hfÀ¨bv¡v \ñ-Xm-Wv. CXn\p apI-fnð Bh-iy-amb Xtïm-Sp-IqSn thWw sNSn hfÀ¯m³. IqSmsX N«n-I-fnepw ]m{X-§-fnepw Fñmw HmÀ¡nUv hfÀ¯m-hp-ó-Xm-Wv. 10þ20 sk. ao. hymkhpw Xmsgbpw hi-§-fnepw Zzmc-§-fp-apÅ a¬N-«n-I-fnð Hm«p-I-j-W-§-fpw, sXmïp-I-j-W-§-fpw, Icnbpw \nd¨v HmÀ¡nUv \Sm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. aoUn-b-¯n\p apI-fn-emWv \SpóXv Fó-Xp-sImïp HmÀ¡n-Up-IÄ¡v Bh-iy-amb Xm§p-sIm-Sp-t¡-ï-Xp-ïv. Ipd¨p Znh-k-t¯bv¡v ]pXnb NmWIw Ie-¡nb shÅw Xfn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-óXpw \Sp-ó-Xn\p ap¼v NmWIshÅ-¯nð ap¡p-óXpw Gsd KpW-I-c-am-Wv

]cn]me\w

hf-{]-tbmKw

a®nð hf-cpó HmÀ¡nUp-IÄ¡v NmW-I-¡p-g¼v amk-¯n-sem-cn-¡ð IS-bv¡ð Hgn¨p sImSp-¡mw. Hcp Intem{Kmw ]¨-Nm-WIw 5 enäÀ shÅ-¯nð IeÀ¯n-bmð Hcp NXp-c-{i-ao-ä-dnð Xfn-¡m³ aXn-bm-Ipw. hÀj-¯nð ctïm aqtóm XhW C§s\ Xfn-t¡-ïn-h-cpw. knwt]m-Un-bð C\-¯n\v NmW-I-s¯fn Xfn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡mw. cmk-h-f-§Ä emb-\n-bmbn Xfn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-ó-XmWv Gähpw ^e-{]-Zw. NPK an{inXw ImbnI hfÀ¨-bpsS ka-b¯v 3 : 1 : 1 Fó A\p-]m-X-¯nepw ]qhn-Spó ka-b¯v 1 : 2 : 2 Fó A\p-]m-X-¯nepw Xfn-¡-Ww. Hcp enäÀ shÅ-¯nð 2þ3 {Kmw an{inXw IeÀ¯n BgvN-bnð cïp XhW \ðImw.

kky-kw-c-£Ww

tcmK-§Ä

Agp-Ið, Ce-¸p-Ån, Ce-I-cn-¨nð, thcp-No-bð, hm«w Fón-h-bmWv {][m\ tcmK-§Ä.  amt¦m-sk-_v, ImÀs_âmknw Fón-h-bn-te-sX-¦n-epsamóv Xfn¨v Cu tcmKw \nb-{´n-¡mw. ag XpS-§p-ó-Xn-\p-ap-¼pw, ag-¡m-e¯p cïmgvN CS-hn«pw acpóv Xfn-¡-Ww.  {][m-\-s¸« sshdkv tcmK-§Ä samtk-Iv, dn§vkvt]m«v Fón-h-bm-Wv. tcmKw _m[n¨ sNSn-IÄ ]mtS \in-¸n-¡-Ww. IqSmsX sNSn-Ifpw ]cn-k-chpw hr¯n-bmbn kq£n-¡p-Ibpw thWw.

IoS-§Ä

HmÀ¡n-Uns\ B{I-an-¡pó {][m\ IoS-§Ä aïcn, arZp-ið¡-Io-S-§Ä, aoen-aq-«-IÄ, Hcp-X-cw-h-ïp-IÄ, Ddp¼v Fón-h-bm-Wv. icn-bmb Af-hnð IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ {]tbm-Kn¨v Cu IoS-§sf \nb-{´n-¡mw. asämcp {][m\ IoSw H¨p-I-fm-Wv. Ch Cfw Iq¼p-I-fpw, apf-Ifpw, thcpw Xnóp \in-¸n-¡pw. sNdnb tXmXn-epÅ Irjn-bm-sW-¦nð Chsb ssIsImïv s]dp¡n \in-¸n-¡mw. cm{Xn-Im-e-§-fn-emWv Ch sNSnbv¡v \miw hcp-¯p-óXv Fó-Xp-sImïv IoS-\m-in-\n-{]-tbmKw sshIp-tóc§fnð sN¿p-ó-Xm-bn-cn¡pw Imcy-£-aw.

hnf-sh-Sp¸v

]q¡Ä apdn-s¨-Sp-¡pó kabw ]q¦p-e-bpsS Bbp-Êns\ am{X-añ ]q¡-fpsS BIÀj-Wo-b-X-sbbpw kzm[o-\n-¡p-óp. Hcp ]q¦p-e-bnð 2þ3 sam«p-IÄ hncn-bm³ _m¡n-bp-Å-t¸m-fmWv km[m-c-W-bmbn ]q¡Ä apdn-bv¡p-ó-Xv. apdn-¡m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡pó I¯n GsX-¦nepw IpanÄ\m-in-\n-bnð ap¡póXv tcmKw ]I-cp-óXv XS-bm³ klm-b-I-am-Wv.

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