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BapJw

അനകാര്‍ഡിയം ഓക്സിഡെന്റൈല്‍

DjvW-ta-Jem {]tZ-i-t¯bv¡p tbmPn¨ hnf-bmWv Iip-amhv. kap-{Z-\n-c-¸nð \nópw 600þ700 aoäÀ Db-c-¯n-epÅ {]tZ-i§fnð hsc hf-cpó Cu hnf- ^e-]pjvSn Ipdª Xcnip`qan-bnepw hf-cpw. Gähpw \ómbn hf-cp-óXv \oÀhm-Àച്ച-bpÅ sh«p-Ið a®nepw Xoc{]tZ-i§fnep-am-Wv.

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മുകളിലേക്ക്

പരിപാലനം

\Soð hkvXp-¡Ä

hn¯p ssXIfpw ]Xn sh¨ ssXIfpw {Km^vddpIfpw \Sm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. ]c-]-cm-KWw \S-¡pó hr£-am-b-Xp-sImïv amXrhr£¯nsâ KpW-¯-\na e`n-¡p-ó-Xn-\mWv ImbnI {]hÀ²\w ip]mÀi sN¿p-ó-Xv. arZp ImWvUw H«n-¡-eneqsS ]nSn-¸n¨ ssXIÄ IqSnb tXmXnð ]nSn¨p In«p-Ibpw t\cs¯ ]q¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw.

hn¯p-h-gn-bpÅ {]hÀ²\w

amXrhr£w Xncsª-Sp-¡ð þ C\n ]d-bpó KpW§fpÅ amXrhr£w thWw Xncsª-Sp-¡m³

1. \ñ Btcm-Kyhpw Icp-¯pä hfÀ¨bpw \nd-sb-inJc§-fp-ap-Å-Xm-I-Ww. ]q¦p-e-I-fnð [mcmfw Zznenw-K-]p-jv]-§-fp-ïm-bn-cn-¡bpw thWw.
2. 15þ25 hÀjw {]mb-ap-Å-h-bm-bncn-¡-Ww.
3. CS-¯cw hen-¸-apÅ ImbvI-fp-ÅXpw ( 5þ8 {Kmw / hn¯v ) hÀj-¯nð icm-icn 15 In. {Kmw Dev]m-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-Å-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡-Ww.
4. Hcp Ipe-bnð Npcp-§n-bXv 7 Iip-h-ïn-sb-¦nepw ]nSn-¡p-ó-Xm-bn-cn-¡-Ww.

hn¯p Xncsª-Sp-¡ð

s^{_p-h-cn-bnð amXrhr£§Ä sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-Ibpw amÀ¨vþG{]nð amk-§-fnð aqs¸-¯nb hn¯v tiJ-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I. ctïm aqtóm Znhkw shbn-e¯v DW-¡nbtijw shÅ-¯n-en-«mð Xmgp-óXpw CS-¯cw hen-¸-ap-Å-Xp-amb hn¯pIÄ \Spó-Xn-\mbn sXc-sª-Sp-¡mw.

1. ssXIÄ Dïm-¡pó coXn

t]mfn-¯o³ Dd-I-fnð (20x15 sk.ao.) a®p \nd¨v tabv amk-t¯msS IqS-ss¯-IÄ X¿m-dm-¡mw. hn¯p-IÄ \SpóXn\p-ap¼v 18 apXð 24 aWn-¡qÀhsc shÅ-¯nð IpXn-À¡p-óXv s]s«óv apf-bv¡m³ klm-bn-¡pw. a®p-\n-d¨ IqSIfnð sR«v apI-fn-embn 2þ3 sk.ao. Bg-¯nð \Sp-I. ]¯p Znh-k-¯n-\Iw ssXIÄ apf-bv¡pw.

2. hmbp-hnð ]Xn-h-bv¡ð (Air layering)

s^{_p-hcnþamÀ¨v am-k-§-fnð ]Xn-sh-¨mð Pq¬þPqssebnð \Sm³ km[n-¡pw. H³]-Xp- ap-Xð ]{´ïp amkw hsc {]mbhpw s]³knensâ h®-hp-apÅ I¼pIÄ Xnc-sª-Sp-¯v ASn-bn-epÅ XSn¡v tISp-kw--`hn-¡m¯ hn[-¯nð aqÀ¨-bpÅ I¯n-sImïv 0.6þ1.2 sk. ao. I\-¯nð sXmen \o¡w sN¿p-I. AXn-\p-Npäpw Ib-dp-sIm-ïp-sI«n \\¨ ]mbtem Ad-¡-s]m-Sntbm aWðþAd-¡-s]mSn an{in-Xtam km[m-cW t]m«n§v anIvkv¨tdm apdn-¸m-Snð h¨-Xn-\p-tijw 150þ200 tKPp- I-\-apff 23x15 sk.ao. t]mfn-¯o³ \mS sImïv sI«p-I. cïph-ihpw NW-\m-cp-sImïp sI«n Dd-¸n-¡-Ww. sI«n-sh¨ `mK¯v 40þ60 Znh-k-§Ä¡p-f-fnð  thcp-IÄ {]Xy£s¸Sm³ XpS-§pw. thcnd§n-bmð sI«n-sh-¨-Xn-\p-Xmsg `V` BIrXnbnð apdn-hp-ïm-¡p-I. ]Xn-\-ôp-Zn-h-k-¯n-\p tijw Cu apdnhv Ipd-¨p-IqSn Bg-¯n-em-¡p-I. Ggp Znhkw Ignªmð Ch apdn-¨p-amän DS-s\-Xsó 15x15 sk. ao. hen-¸-apÅ tX§m-sXm-ïp-sIm-ïp-ïm-¡nb ]m{X-§-fn-te¡v amäp-I. Ch XW-enð kq£n-¡-Ww. IqSp-Xð \\-bv¡-cp-Xv. sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ Ime-hÀjw Bcw-`n-¡p-ó-tXmsS Cu ssXIÄ tX§m-sXm-tïmSp-IqSn Ipgn-I-fnð \Sp-I. XWepw ]pXbpw \ðI-Ww. amXrhr£¯nð\nópw apdn-¨p-am-äp-ó-Xn\v cïmgvN ap¼v Ce-IÄ apdn¨v Ifbp-óXv \ñ-Xm-Wv.

3 H«n-¡epw apIp-f-\hpw

F¸n-t¡m-ss«ð, tkm^väv hpUv {Km^vän-§v, sh\oÀ {Km^vän-§v, ]m¨v _ÍnwKv Fón-§s\ hnhn[coXn-IÄ Iip-am-hnð ]co-£n-¨n-«p-ïv. hyh-km-bnImSnØm-\-¯nð {Km^väpïm¡pó-Xn\v Gähpw tbmPn-¨Xv tkm^väv hpUv {Km^vän-§msWóv sXfn-ªn-«p-ïv.

4. arZp-ImWvU{Km^vän-§v (tkm^väv hpUv {Km^vän-§v)

hn¯psXc-sª-Sp-¡ð 1. hnfsh-Sp¸p Ime-¯nsâ aqÀ²-\y-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡-Ww (-s^-{_p-hcnþamÀ¨v) hn¯psXc-sª-Sp-¡póXv. kw`-cn¨ hn¯v 2þ3 Znhkw shbn-e¯v DW-¡p-I. 2. \ñ hn¯v Xncn-¨-dn-bp-ó-Xn-\mbn DW-§nb hn¯p-IÄ shÅ-¯n-en-Sp-I. shůnð Xmgvóp-t]m-Ipó hn¯p-IÄ am{Xw tiJ-cn-¡pI. 3. Icp-¯pä hfÀ¨bv¡v CS-¯cw hn¯p-IÄ (7þ9 {Kmw) Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-I.

dq«v tÌm¡v Dïm-¡pó hn[w

1. ]pXnb hn¯-ïn-IÄ am{Xta dq«p-tÌm¡pïm¡p-ó-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡mhq. Hcp-hÀj-¯n-tesd kq£n¨psh¨mð hn¯-ïn-bpsS A¦p-c-W-tijn Ipd-bpw.
2. hn¯p-]m-Ip-ó-Xn\p ap¼v Hcp cm{Xn shÅ-¯n-en-«p-sh-¡-Ww.
3. t]m«nങ്v an{inXw \nd-bv¡p-ó-Xn\v t]mfn-¯o³ Ih-dp-IÄ (25x15 sk. ao. 300 tKPp-Å) D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I.
4. shÅw hmÀópt]mIp-ó-Xn\mbn Ih-dp-I-fnð 16þ20 Zzmc-§-fn-S-Ww.
5. a®v, aWð, It¼mÌv Fónh 1:1:1 Fó A\p-]m-X-¯nð IeÀ¯n-bmWv t]m«n§v an{inXw X¿m-dm-t¡-ï-Xv. cïp Intem-{Km-an\v 5 {Kmw Fó tXmXnð tdm¡vt^m-kvt^äpw Cu an{in-X-¯nð tNÀ¡Ww.
6. t]mfn-¯o³ Ih-dnsâ h¡p-hsc an{inXw \ndbv¡-Ww.
7. Ih-dnsâ \Sp-hnð IpXnÀ¯ hn¯v 2þ2 1/2 sk. ao. Bg-¯nð sR«p apI-fn-te-¡mbn Ipgn¨p sh¡-Ww.
8. \« DS-t\bpw ]nóoSv Znh-tk-\bpw \\-bv¡-Ww.
9. ag-¡m-e¯v 15þ20 Znhkw sImïpw th\ð¡m-e¯v 8þ10 Znhkw sImïpw hn¯p apf-bv¡pw.
10. Hmtcm -BgvN CS-hn«p hn¯p ]mIpóXmbmð apS-§msX dq«v tÌm¡v e`n-¡pw.
11. ssXI-fpsS Ce-IÄ¡v Nph-¸p-cmin amdn ]¨ \nd-am-Ip-óXphsc XWð \ðI-Ww. AXn-\p-tijw shbn-e-t¯-¡p- amämw.
12. apf¨v 50þ60 Znhkw {]mb-am-bmð ssXIÄ {Km^väv sN¿p-ó-Xn\p ]mI-am-Ipw.
13. apf-bv¡pó hn¯p-IÄ¡v ]£nIfp-tSbpw A®m-tâbpw B{I-a-W-¯nð \nópw kwc-£Ww \ðtI-ï-Xm-Wv.
14. hÀj-¡m-e¯v ssXIÄ Noªp-t]mImdpïv. Cu tcmKw \nb-{´n-¡p-ó-Xn\v 1% t_mÀtUm-an-{inXw Xfn-¡p-Itbm a®nð Hgn¨p IpXnÀ¡p-Itbm sN¿p-óXv \ñ-Xm-Wv.

H«p-I¼v Xnc-sª-Sp-¡ð

1. AXypð]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bpÅ amXr-hr-£-¯nð \nópw thWw H«p-I¼v Xnc-sª-Sp-¡phm³.
2. ]pXp-Xmbn hfÀóp hcpó 3þ5 amkw {]mb-amb Xhn-«p-\n-d-apÅ ]mÀizim-J-I-sf-bmWv H«p-I-¼mbn Xnc-sª-Spt¡ï-Xv.
3. H«p-I¼n\v 8þ10 sk.ao. \ofhpw 2 sk.ao. Npäfhpw Dïm-bn-cn-¡-Ww.
4. H«p-I¼v amXr-hr-£-¯nð \nÀ¯n-sIm-ïp-Xsó AXnse Ce-IÄ sR«nð \nóp Að]w apI-fn-embn apdn¨p If-bp-I.
5. C§s\ Ce apdn¨ H«pI¼p-IÄ 7þ10 Znhkw Ignªv ]cp-h-s¸« tijw tiJ-cn¨v H«n-¡p-hm-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-I.
6. H«n-¡pó Znhkw am{Xw H«pI¼v apdn-s¨-Sp-¡p-I.

H«pI¼v X¿mdm-¡ð

1. Ign-hXpw cmhnse Xsó H«pI¼v tiJ-cn-¡-Ww.
2. A{K-ap-Ip-f-§Ä hnS-cp-ó-Xn\p ap³]p Xsó ktbm-Wp-IÄ apdn-s¨-Sp-¡p-hm³ {i²n-¡-Ww.
3. amXr-hr-£-¯nð \nópw apdn-s¨-Sp¯ DS-s\-Xsó I¼p-IÄ \\ª XpWn-bnð s]mXnªp t]mfn-¯o³ Ih-dn-em¡n {Km^väp sN¿m-\mbn t\gvk-dn-bn-se-¯n-¡p-I. Bh-iy-sa-¦nð 3þ4 Znhkw kq£n¨p h¨-Xn-\p-tijw {Km^väv sN¿m-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.

dq«p tÌm¡p X¿m-dm-¡ð

1. ]qÀ® Btcm-Ky-t¯msS t\sc hf-cpó ssXIÄ Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-I.
2. tÌm¡v ssXI-fpsS ASn-h-is¯ cïp tPmUn Ce-I-sfm-gnsI _m¡n-bp-Åh apdn¨p If-b-Ww.
3. Xd\nc-¸nð \nóv 15 sk. ao. Db-c-¯nð h¨v {][m-\- ImWvUw IpdpsI apdn-¡p-I.
4. Xe-¸p-ap-dn¨v tÌm¡v-ssXIfpsS Xïnð 4þ5 sk. ao. Bg-¯nð a²y-`m-K-¯qsS Iogvt]m-«mbn Hcp ]nfÀ¸p-ïm-¡p-I.

H«pI¼v (ktbm¬) X¿mdm-¡ð

1. dq«p tÌm¡nsâ AtX h®-¯n-epÅ H«pI¼v (ktbm¬) Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-Ww.
2. H«pI¼nsâ apdn-s¨-Sp¯ hiw 4þ5 sk. ao. \of-¯nð B¸nsâ BIr-Xn- hc-¯-¡-h®w Ccp-h-ihpw sN¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-I.

{Km^vän§v (-H-«n-¡ð)

• Xe-¸p-ap-dn¨ tÌm¡v ssXI-fpsS Xïnð 5þ6 sk. ao. Bg-¯nð a²y`m-K-¯qsS Iogvt]m-«mbn Hcp ]nfÀ¸p-ïm-¡p-I.
• ]nfÀ¸nð B¸nsâ cq]-¯nð sh«n-]mI-s¸-Sp-¯nb H«p-I¼v Cd-¡n-shbv-¡p-I.
• tÌm¡v ssXbp-tSbpw H«p-I¼ntâbpw sN¯nb `mK-§Ä X½nð \ñ k¼À¡w Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-I.
• H«n-¨- `mKw t]mfn-¯o³ \mS (1.5 sk. ao. hoXn, 30 sk. ao. \ofw, 100 tKPv I\w) D]-tbm-Kn¨v Cdp-¡n-sI«n apdn-¸m-Sp-IÄ X½nð XnIª k¼À¡w Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-I.
• H«p-I¼pw tÌm¡v ssXbp-sS H«n¨ `mKhpw \\¨ Hcp t]mfn-¯o³ Dd (15 x 12.5 sk. ao., 100 tKPv I\w) D]-tbm-Kn¨v aqSn-h-bv¡p-I.
• t]mfn-¯o³ DdsImïv aqSp-t¼mÄ Dd H«p-I¼nsâ A{K-ap-Ip-f-¯nð sXmSm-¯-hn[w sI«n hbv¡p-I. CXv CuÀ¸w \ne-\nÀ¯p-ó-Xn\pw A{K-ap-Ipfw DW-§m-Xn-cn-¡m\pw klm-bn-¡pw.
• H«p-ssX-IÄ `mKn-I-ambn XWð e`n-¡p-ón-S¯v 10þ15 Znhkw kq£n-¡Ww. A{K-ap-Ipf§Ä hf-cp-ó-Xn\v CXv klm-bn-¡pw. 
• AXn-\p-tijw apI-fnse t]mfn-¯o³IhÀ amän Xpd-Êmb Øe¯p sh¡mw. {Km^vän§v hnP-b-I-c-am-sW-¦nð aqóp-\m-em-gvN-bv¡p-Ånð sNSn hfÀ¨-bpsS e£-W-§Ä ImWn-¡pw.
• {Km^väp sNbvXp 5þ6 amkw sImïv ssXIÄ \Sm-\m-Ipw.
• tIc-f-¯nð amÀ¨p-ap-Xð sk]väw-_À hsc-bpÅ Ime-amWv tkm^väv hpUv {Km^vän§n\v A\p-tbm-Pyw.

\gvk-dn-bnse ]cn-N-cWw

ssat{Im-kv{]n-wKvftdm ]q]m-«tbm D]-tbm-Kn¨v {Km^väp-IÄ Znh-khpw \\-bv¡Ww

dq«v tÌm¡nð \nópw apf-bv¡pó inJn-c-§Ä A¸-t¸mÄ \pf-fn-¡-f-b-Ww.

{Km^väp-Ifnð ]q¦p-e-I-fp-ïm-hp-I-bm-sW-¦nð Ah \o¡w sN¿-Ww.

\ne¯v thtcm-Sp-óXp Hgn-hm-¡m\mbn {Km^väp-IÄ CS-bv¡n-Sbv¡v Øew amän-s¡m-ïn-cn-¡-Ww.

\ocq-än-¡p-Sn-¡pó {]mWn-Isf Hgn-hm-¡p-ó-Xn\v IoS-\m-in\n ]e-X-h-W-I-fmbn Xfn¨p sImSp-¡-Ww.  

Iip-amhv {Km^väv	\gvk-dn-

t]mfn-lu-kp-I-fnð {Km^väp-ïm¡pó hn[w

hÀj-¯nð Fñm ka-b¯pw tkm^väv hpUv {Km^väp-ïm¡mw. C§-s\-bp-ïm-¡pó {Km^äv 60þ70 iX-am\w hnP-b-hp-am-bm-cn¡pw. ag-¡m-e¯v {Km^väp sN¿p-t¼m-gmWv hnPb iX-am\w IqSp-Xð. A-Xn-\mbn ImämSn/apf/IapIv/Pn.-sF.ss]¸v/]n hn kn ss]¸v Fónh D]-tbm-Kn¨v tað¡q-c-bp-ïm¡n I«n-bpÅ t]mfn-¯o-³ joäv sImïv ad¨v Bh-iy-apÅ hep-¸-¯nð (i-cm-icn 20aoäÀ \ofhpw 6 aoäÀ hoXn-bpw) ]pc-I-fp-ïm-¡n-bmð hn]p-e-amb tXmXnð {Km^väp-ïm-¡m³ D]-tbm-Kn¡mw.- t]m-fn-¯o³ ]pc-I-fpsS \Sp-hnð Dbcw 2.5 aoädpw Ccp-h-i-§-fnepw Hmtcm aoädpw Bbn-cn-¡Ww. sNSn-IÄ¡v \ñ \\ Bh-iy-amWv. th\ð¡m-e¯v ankvän§v bqWn-äp-IÄ LSn-¸n¨v cmhnse 10 aWn apXð sshIo«v 6 aWn hsc 2 aWn-¡qÀ CS-hn«v 5þ10 an\näv hoXw {]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡m-hp-ó-XmWv. t]mfn-lu-kn\pÅnse NqSp Ipd-bv¡m³ Cu kwhn-[m\w D]-I-cn-¡pw. dq«v tÌm¡v X¿m-dm-¡p-I, {Km^väv sN¿p-I, {Km^väp-IÄ kwc-£n-¡pI Fón-h-sbñmw Cu t]mfn-lu-knð \S-¡pw. iàn-bmb ag-bnð \nópw {Km^väp-IÄ¡v c£-\ðIp-ó-Xn-eqsS {Km^vän§nsâ hnP-biX-am\w Iq«m³ Ign-bpw. t]mfn-lu-kv HDPE tjUp-s\äv (35þ50% XWð) D]-tbm-Kn¨v ad-¨mð ssXIfpw {Km^väpIfpw th\ðIm-e¯pw ChnsS kq£n-¡mw.

{Km^väv \Soepw kwc-£-Whpw

tkm^väv hpUv {Km^väpIÄ 5þ6 amkw tImïv \Sm³ {]mb-am-Ipw. Ipgn-sbm-ón\v 5þ10 In.{Kmw Fó tXmXnð It¼mÌv, DW-§nb Imen-hfw Chbpw taða®pw tNÀ¯v Ipgn-IÄ \nd-bv¡-Ww. t]mfn-¯o³ IhÀ {i²-tbmsS amän-b-Xn-\p-tijw thWw sNSn-IÄ \Sp-hm³. {Km^vänsâ H«n¨ hiw \ne-¯p-\nóv 2.5 sk. ao Db-c-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡m³ {]tXyIw {i²n-¡-Ww. {Km^väv sNbvX `mK¯v Npänb t]mfn-¯o³ \mS {i²-tbmsS apdn¨p amä-Ww. {Km^väv HSnªv t]mIm-Xn-cn-¡p-ó-Xn\v Xm§v sImSp-¡p-Ibpw thWw.   

Pq¬-þ-Pq-embv amk-§-fnð ssXItfm FbÀ seb-dp-I-tfm, tkm^väv hpUv {Km^väpItfm 50 x 50 sk.ao Bg-apÅ Ipgn-I-fnð \Smw. ^e-]pjvSnIp-dª a®nð 7.5 aoäÀ AI-e-¯n-epw, Bg-apÅ Xoc-{]-tZ-i-§-fnepw ^e-]p-jvSn-bpÅ Øe-§-fnepw 10 ao AI-e-¯nepw Ch \Sm-hp-ó-Xm-Wv. sNcn-hp-Iq-Sp-X-epÅ {]tZ-i-§-fnð hcn-IÄ X½nð 10þ15 aoädpw hcn-bnse ac-§Ä X½nð 6þ8 aoädpw AIew thWw.

HmK-Ìv-þ-sk-]väw-_À amk-§-fnð If-sb-Sp¸v \S¯mw. Cfw ssXIsf kqcy-Xm-]-¯nð \nópw kwc-£n-¡p-ó-Xn\v DW-§nb Ce-sImïv ]pX-bn-Sp-I.

If \nb-{´-W-¯n\v If \min-\n-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. ss¥t^m-tkäv 0.8 In. {Kmw/slIvSÀ Fó tXmXnð Pq¬-þ-Pq-embnð Hcp XhW Xfn-¡p-I.   

BZy-Ime ImbnI hfÀ¨m \nb{´Ww

BZys¯ Hcp hÀjw {Km^vän\v Xmg-bpÅ `mK-¯p-\nóp hf-cpó apf-IÄ A¸-t¸mÄ \o¡w sN¿Ww. BZys¯ aqóp \mep hÀjw I¼p-IÄ sh«p-óXpw icnbmb coXn-bnð I¼-pIÄ hfÀ¯p-óXpw ac-¯n\v \ñ BIrXn In«p-ó-Xn\v Bh-iy-amWv. AXn\p tijw hfsc Ipd¨v sIm¼p tImXð am{Xta thïn-h-cn-I-bp-Åq. ac-§Ä Hä-¯-Sn-bmbn Xd\nc¸nð \nópw GXmïv 0.75þ1 aoäÀ Dbcw hsc hf-cp-ó-XmWv \ñXv. cïmw hÀjw apXð acw hf-cp-ó-X-\p-k-cn¨v hi-§-fn-tebv¡v hf-cpó imJ-IÄ \o¡w sNbvXp Iptd-¡mew sImïv  acw cq]s¸Sp¯mw. BtcmKyw Ipd-ªXpw hfªp ]pfªXpamb sIm¼p-IÄ sh«n amämw. hfÀ¨-bpsS XpS-¡-¯nð ssXIÄ Imä¯p adnªp hogm-Xn-cn-¡p-ó-Xn\v icn-bmbn Xm§p sImSp-¡-Ww. If \nb-{´-Ww, hf-{]-tbmKw, Iip-h-ïn-ti-J-cWw, kky kwc-£Ww XpS-§nb Irjn-¸-Wn-IÄ Ffp-¸-am-¡p-ó-Xn\v XpS-¡¯nepÅ I¼p-tIm-Xð A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.  BZys¯ Hóp-cïp sImñw {Km^vänð Dïm-Ipó ]q¦p-e-IÄ amäWw. \ñ ImbnI hfÀ¨bv¡v  CXm-h-iy-amWv. aqóp-hÀj-¯n-\p-ti-jta ssXIÄ Imbv¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡m-hq.

sIm¼ptIm-Xð

{]mb-amb Iip-am-hn³ tXm¸p-I-fnse DW-§n-bXpw hf-ª-Xp-amb inJc§fpw _e-an-ñm¯ sIm¼p-Ifpw ctïm aqtóm sImñ-¯n-sem-cn-¡-se-¦nepw sh«n amäWw. C§s\ sN¿p-óXv ac-¯nsâ Fñm sIm¼p-Ifnepw kqcy-{]-Imiw Gev¡p-ó-Xn\pw \ómbn hf-cp-ó-Xn\pw klm-bn¡pw. tabvþPq¬ amk-§-fn-emWv Cu sIm¼p-tIm-Xð \S-t¯-ïXv.

hf-{]-tbmKw

cmk-hf ip]mÀi Hcp sNSn¡v N:P₂O₅:K₂O 750 : 325 : 750 {Kmw Fó tXmXn-emWv.  BZy hÀjw Ignbpt¼mÄ Aônsemcp `mKhpw, cïmw hÀjw Aônð cïp `mKhpw hfw \ðIWw.  Aômw hÀjw apXð apgp-h³ Afhpw sImSp¡mw. ac-¯n\p Npäpw 15 sk. ao Bg-¯nð 0.5þ3 aoäÀ Npä-f-hnð hfw hnXdnbtijw sNdn-b-tXm-Xnð a®p-ambn tbmPn-¸n-¡-Ww.  

CS-hnf

ssXIÄ \«v BZy-Im-e-§-fnð Iip-am-hn³ tXm«-§-fnð Gähpw BZm-b-I-c-ambn Irjn-sN-¿mhpó hnf--bmWv ssIXച്ച¡. cïp hcn-IÄ¡n-S-bnð sNcn-hn\v IpdpsI Hcp aoäÀ hoXn-bnð Nmep-IÄ FSp¯p Cu cïp hcn ssIXച്ച¡ \Smw. sNSn-IÄ X½nð 40 sk.-aoädpw, hcn-IÄ X½nð 60 sk. aoädpw AIew thWw. Côn, Côn-¸pñv, a-c¨o\n Fón-hbpw CS-hn-fbmbn Irjn sN¿mw.

km{µX IqSnb Iip-am-hv Irjn

Iip-am-hn³ tXm«-¯nð \nópÅ sam¯w hcp-am\w hÀ²n-¸n-¡p-ó-Xn\v Cu coXn sImïv km[n-¡pw. Hcp bqWnäv Øe¯v \Spó ssXI-fpsS F®w Iq«p-Ibpw {ItaW CS-bv¡pÅ ac-§Ä Hmtcm-ómbn apdn¨p amäp-Ibpw sN¿póXv tijn-¡pó ac-§-fpsS Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hfÀ¨bv¡pw sa¨-s¸« DXv¸m-Z-\-£-a-Xbv¡pw hgn-sbm-cp-¡pw. -Hcp slIvS-dnð 64 apXð 177 ssXIÄ hsc (7.5 apXð 10 aoäÀ AI-e-¯nð NXp-c-¯nð \Spó coXn) Fó km[m-cW coXn¡p ]Icw BZy-]-Sn-bmbn 312 apXð 625 {Km^väp-IÄ hsc \Spw.  Cu coXn A\p-hÀ¯n-¡p-t¼mÄ 4 x 4 aoäÀ AI-e-¯ntem 8 x 4 aoäÀ AI-e-¯ntem {Km^väp-IÄ \SWw. Fómte bYm-{Iaw 625 Asñ-¦nð 312 sNSn-IÄ Hcp slIvS-dnð Dïm-Ip.- Im-bnI hfÀ¨m \nc-¡-\p-k-cn¨v C{Xbpw ac-§Ä 7 apXð 10 hÀjw hsc \nÀ¯mw.- a®v hf-¡q-dp-Å-Xm-sW-¦nð ac-§fpsS Im-bnI hfÀ¨ hfsc thK-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡pw.- ^-e-]pjvSn Ipdª a®n-emWv Cu coXn IqSp-Xð ^e-{]-Zw. a®n-sâ hf-¡q-dv IW-¡n-se-Sp¯p thWw ssXI-fpsS F®w, hfw, P-e-tk-N\w Fón-h-bpsS tXmXv Xocp-am-\n-¡p-hm³. G-Xmïv 9 hÀjw F¯pó-tXm-Sp-IqSn ac-§fpsS thcp-Ifpw Nnñ-Ifpw ]c-kv]cw sRcp§n aqe-I-§Ä¡pw, P-e-¯n-\pw,- kq-cy-{]-Im-i-¯n\pw thïn ISp¯ aÕcw {]I-Sn-¸n¡pw. Cu kab¯v CS-b-Iew 8 x 8 aoäÀ Bbn {Iao-I-cn-¡-¯-¡-hn[w CS-bv¡pÅ ac-§Ä \o¡w sN¿-Ww.

]c-¼-cm-KX coXn-bnð \Sp-t¼mgpw km{µ-X-Iq«n \Sp-t¼mgpw Htc Xc-¯n-epÅ ]cn-]m-e\ \S-]SnI-fmWv kzoI-cn-¡p-ó-sX-¦nð BZy hÀj§-fnð Htc hnf-hm-bn-cn¡pw e`n-¡p-I. ]t£ Hcp slIvS-À Øe¯p \nópw e`n-¡pó hnfhv km{µX IqSnb Irjn coXn-bnð IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-¡pw. ac-§Ä hf-cp-ó-X\p-k-cn¨v apdn¨v amäp-óXpsImïv ]qÀ®-h-fÀ¨-sb-¯p-t¼mÄ ac-§fpsS F®hpw hnfhpw cïp tXm«-§-fnepw GI-tZiw Htc coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-¡pw. km{µX IqSnb coXn-bnð BZy-Im-e¯v In«pó A[nI hnfhmWv CXnsâ khn-ti-j-X. IqSp-Xð hnfhv In«p-ótXm-sSm¸w CS-bv¡pÅ ac-§Ä sh«n-am-äp-t¼mÄ In«pó hndIpw IÀj-I\v A[nI hcp-am-\-am-Wv.- I-f-I-fpsS ieyw Ipd-bp-sa-óXpw Cu coXn-bpsS asämcp t\«-am-Wv.

tSm¸v hÀ¡nwKv

Imbv ^ew Ipdª ac-§-sf-bpw {]mbw sNóv Imbv¡m¯ ac-§-sfbpw ]p\-cp-Öo-hn-¸n-¡p-ó-Xn-\pÅ hnZy-bmWv tSm¸v hÀ¡nwKv. CXn\v ac-§-fpsS IS-`mKw 0.75þ1 aoäÀ Dbcw \nÀ¯n _m¡n sh«n \o¡w sN¿p-óp.- XSn hnïp t]mIm-Xn-cn-¡p-ó-Xn\v Ad-¡-hmÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv XSn apdn-t¡ïXv. ap-dn-¸m-Snð tIm¸À HmIvkn-t¢m-ssdUpw ImÀ_m-dnð WP bpw Hcp enäÀ shÅ-¯n\p 50 {Kmw hoXw Fó tXmXnð IeÀ¯n ]pc-«-Ww.- acw apdn¨v Hcp amk-¯n-\p-Ånð [mcmfw s]mSn-¸p-IÄ DÛ-hn-¡pw.- C-h-bnð Icp-¯pä Atôm Btdm \nÀ¯n _m¡n \o¡w sN¿-Ww.- Hcp amkw {]mbw BIp-t¼mÄ ssXI-fnð H«p shbv¡p-ó-Xp-t]mse KpW-ta³a-bmÀó C\-§-fpsS Xnc-sª-Sp¯ I¼p-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn¨v s]mSn-¸p-I-fnð H«p shbv¡mw. H«p sh¨ I¼n-\p-ap-I-fnð t]mfn-¯o³ Dd-bn-Sp-Ibpw AXn-\p-Ånð shÅ-¯nð ap¡nb ]ªn-¡jvWw shbv¡pIbpw thWw. H«p kÔn¡v Xmsg \nóp hcpó s]mSn-¸p-IÄ \o¡w sN¿-Ww. tSm¸v hÀ¡nwKn\v Gähpw tbmPn-¨ kabw tabvþsk-]väw-_dpw {Km^vän-§n\p ]änb kabw Pqsse-þ-\-hw-_-dp-amWv. ]cnioe\w e`n-¨mð IÀj-IÀ¡p Xsó tSm¸v hÀ¡nwKv  sN¿mw. Npcp-§n-bXv 6þ7 {Km^väpI-sf¦nepw ]nSn¨p In«pw.

tSm¸v hÀ¡v sNbvX ac-§Ä cïmw hÀjw Xsó kmam\yw \ñ hnfhv Xcm³ XpS-§p-saóXv Cu coXn-bpsS t\«-amWv. F-ómð C¯cw ac-§-fnð Xïp-Xp-c-¸sâ B{I-aWw IqSp-X-embn Dïm-Im-dpïv. CXns\Xnsc AXoh Pm{KX Bh-iy-am-Wv. BZy Ime-§-fnð IqSp-Xð {i²bpw ]cn-N-c-Whpw e`n-¨n-sñ-¦nð tSm¸v hÀ¡v sNbvX ac-§-fnð \ñ ]¦pw \in¨p t]mIm-\n-S-bp-ïv. CXv Cu coXn-bpsS tZmj hi-ambn IW-¡m-¡mw.

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സസ്യസംരക്ഷണം

IoS-§fpw tcmK-§fpw

tXbne sImXpIv

Iip-am-hnsâ Hcp {][m\ i{Xp-hmWv Cu IoSw. ac-§Ä Xfn-cn«v XpS-§pó ka-b-¯mWv (sk]väw-_ÀþHIvtSm-_À) {]mWn-IfpsS D]-{Zhw Bcw-`n-¡p-ó-Xv. Cfw Xïp-Ifpw ]q¦p-ebpw Icnªp t]mIp-ó-XmWv e£-Ww. ImÀ_-dnð 0.1%, Izn\mðt^mkv 0.05%, ലാംഡ സൈഹാലോത്രിന്‍ 0.003%  Ch-bn-te-sX-¦n-ep-samóv Xfn¨v tXbne sImXp-Ins\ \nb-{´n-¡-Ww. ac-§Ä Xfn-cn-Sp-óXp apXð Imbv ]nSn¨p XpS-§pó L«w hscbpÅ amk-§-fnð (sk]väw-_Àþs^{_p-hcn) BsI aqóp {]mhiysa¦nepw acpóp Xfn-¨mð am{Xta \nb-{´Ww ^e-{]-Z-am-Iq. IoS-\m-in-\n-s¡-Xnsc IoS-§Ä {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn BÀÖn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-ó-Xn\v Htc acpóp Xsó XpSÀ¨-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I.

Ipdn¸v: tX\o-¨-IÄ¡v A]-I-S-Ic-amWv Fó-Xp-sImïv ]q¡pó ka-b¯v ImÀ_-dnepw, ലാംഡ സൈഹാലോത്രിനും Xfn-¡p-óXv Hgn-hm-¡-Ww.

XSnbpw thcpw Xpc-¡pó IoSw (XmXvIm-enI ip]mÀi)

acs¯ apgp-h-\mbpw \in-¸n-¡pó Cu IoSw I\¯ \jvS-apïm-¡pó Hóm-Wv. Ce-IÄ aª-\ndw {]m]n¨v sImgn-bp-I, sNdnb inJn-c-§Ä DW-§n-t¸m-Ip-I, XSn-bpsS IS-`m-K¯v Zzmc-§-fp-ïm-Ip-Ibpw AXn-eqsS ]i-t]m-epÅ Hcp {ZmhIw Hen-¡pIbpw sN¿pI Ch-bmWv {][m\ e£-W-§Ä. B{I-aWw cq£-am-Ip-t¼mÄ acw sam¯-ambn DW-§pw.

\nb-{´Ww

XSn-bnepw ]pdta ImWpó thcp-Ifnepw ImÀ_-mdnð tXbv¡Ww. IoSm-{I-aWw ]S-cpósXmgnhm-¡p-óXn\v Bdp-am-k-¯n-sem-cn-¡-se-¦nepw IoSw _m[n¨p \in-¨Xpw \in-¡m-\n-S-bp-ÅXpw Bb ac-§Ä tXm«-¯nð \nóv \o¡w sN¿Ww. ap³I-cp-X-embn sNfnbpw 0.2% ImÀ_-dnepw IqSnb an{inXtam 1:2 Fó A\p-]m-X-¯nð tImÄSmdpw as®-®bpw IqSnb an{iX-tam, 5% ths¸-®tbm hÀj-¯nð cïpX-hW (amÀ¨vþG{]nð; \hw-_ÀþUnkw_À) XSn-bpsS Hcp aoäÀ hsc Db-c-¯n-epw ]pdsa ImWpó thcp-I-fnepw tX¨psImSpt¡-ï-XmWv. skhn-tUmÄ--þ4G 75 {Kmw/ac-sam-ón\v Fó tXmXnð a®nð tNÀ¡p-Ibpw sN¿-Ww.

sIm¼p-W¡w Asñ-¦nð ]mSe tcmKw

ag-¡m-e¯mWv Cu tcmKw ImWp-I. sIm¼p-I-fnð shfp¯ ]mSp-IÄ {]Xy-£-s¸-SpóXpw XpSÀóv sIm¼v Xmtg¡v DW§nhcp-ó-Xp-amWv tcmKe£Ww. tcmK_m[-bpÅ `mKw sN¯n-¡-fªv t_mÀtUm Ipg¼v ]pc-«Ww. tabvþPqWnepw HIvtSm-_-dnepw Hcp ap³I-cp-X-embn 1% t_mÀtUman{inXw Xfn-¡p-Ibpw thWw. 

Ipdn¸v

1. hfÀ¨-sb-¯nb ac-§Ä¡v Ipän¸-¼p-]-tbm-Kn¨v Xfn-¡pt¼mÄ 5 enädpw ]hÀ kvt{]bÀ D]-tbm-Kn¡pt¼mÄ 2.5 enädpw embn\n thïn-h-cpw.

2. Ipdª hym]vX-¯nð acp-óp-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ IoS-\m-in-\n-bpsS KmVX Izn\mð  t^mkn\v 0.1%Dw, ImÀ_m-dn-en\v 0.2% Dw  Bbn-cn-¡-Ww. hen-b-a-c-§-fnð temthmfow kvs{]bÀ sImïp acpóv Xfn-¡p-óXn-t\-¡mÄ \ñXv ssl{So-em³kv LSn-¸n¨ tdm¡À kvs{]bdpIÄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-ó-Xm-Wv.

3. tXbn-e-sIm-Xp-Ins\ \in-¸n-¡póXn\v s]mSn-cq-]-¯n-epÅ IoS-\m-in-\n-IÄ ip]mÀi sNbvXn-«nñ.

4. \-gvk-dn-bnð 0.1% ImÀ_-dn-tem, 0.03% ലാംഡ സൈഹാലോത്രിന്‍ Xfn-¡p-óXp IoS-_m-[-bvs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ ap³I-cp-X-em-Ipw.

5. Hcp iX-am\w hocy-apÅ t_mÀtUm-an-{inXw Xfn-¡p-óXv IpanÄ tcmK-§sf sNdp-¡p-ó-Xn\v klm-bn-¡pw.

B{´-Ivt\mkv tcmKhpw tXbn-e-s¡m-Xp-Insâ B{I-a-Whpw hym]-I-ambn ImWpó {]tZ-i-§-fn-te-bv¡pÅ Xmð¡m-enI ip]mÀi.

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സംസ്കരണം

Iip-am§m kwkv¡-cWw

Iip-am§bnð \nópw kzmZn-jvT-amb ]e hn`-h-§fpw X¿m-dm-¡mw.
]gp¯ Iip-am§bnð \nóv 50þ60% \ocv (9þ10% Jc-h-kvXp-¡-tfmsS) kv{Iq{]Êv, _mkv¡-äv{]Êv \mc-§m-Pyqkv FIvkv{Sm-IvSÀ Fónh D]-tbm-Kn-s¨-Sp-¡mw. CXn-epÅ Id \o¡p-ó-Xn\v Xmsg sImSp-¯n-cn-¡pó amÀ¤-§-fn-te-sX-¦nepw D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. 

1.   ]ngnsªSp¯ Hcp In. {Kmw \ocn\v 0.5 {Kmw Fó tXmXnð Pemän³ IeÀ¯n (shÅ-¯n-en«v Pemän³ Aen-bn-t¡-ï-Xm-Wv) shbv¡p-I. ]nóoSv Duän-F-Sp-¡mw.
2.  Hcp In. {Kmw Iip-am-§m-\o-cn\v 1.4 {Kmw Fó tXmXnð t]mfn-hn-ss\ð ss]tdm-fn-Un³ (PVP) tNÀ¯v ASn-ª-Xn\p tijw Duän FSp-¡p-I.
3.  Iip-am-§m-\o-cnð 125 an.en Iªn-shÅw tNÀ¯v sXfn Duän hoïpw 125 an.en Iªn shÅw tNÀ¯v tað]-dª {]{Inb BhÀ¯n-¡p-I.
Iip-am-§m-\ocv No¯-bm-Im-Xn-cn-¡p-ó-Xn\v Hcp In.{Kmw- \o-cn\v cïv {Kmw s]m«mknbw saäm ss_kÄss^äpw 5 {Kmw kn{SnIv BknUpw ip²o-I-cW hkvXp-hn-t\m-sSm¸w tNÀ¡Ww. C§s\ ip²o-I-cn¨ \ocv kw`-cn¨v kq£n-¡m-hp-ó-Xm-Wv. CXp-]-tbm-Kn¨v knd-¸v, kvIzmjv, DS-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hpó ]m\o-b-§Ä (Ready to serve beverages) Fónh Dïm-¡m-hp-óXm-Wv. F^v.]n.H bpsS \n_-Ô-\-IÄ ]men¨p am{Xw Ch Dïm-¡m-hq. 

]g-hÀ¤-Dð¸-ó-§Ä¡pÅ F^v.]n.H \n_-Ô-\-IÄ

Iip-am-§-bp-sS-\ocv hn\m-Kn-cnbpw ssh\pw Dïm-¡m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. \ñh®w ]gp¯ am§ sImïv Pmapw Iym³Unbpw \nÀ½n¡mw. Iip-am§ 5% D¸p-sh-Å-¯nð Ipd¨p Znhkw C«p-h-¨-Xn-\p-tijw ip²-P-e-¯nð IgpIn FSp-¯mð NhÀ¸v amdn-¡n-«pw.

Iip-am§ knd¸v

Bh-iy-apÅ km[-\-§Ä

X¿m-dm-¡pó hn[w

Iip-am§ IgpIn hr¯n-bm-¡n-b-Xn\p tijw \osc-Sp-¡p-I. 25 In.{Kmw am§-bnð \nóv 8 enäÀ \ocv e`n¡pw. PVP tNÀ¯p ip²o-I-cn¨ \ocv t\À¯ XpWn-bnð¡qSn Acn-s¨-Sp-¡p-I. ]g-¨mdv XpSÀ¨-bmbn Cf-¡n-sImïv tkmUnbw s_³tkm-tbäv, ]ô-kmc, kn{Sn¡v BknUv Fónh tNÀ¯v Acn¨Xn-\p-tijw Ip¸n-bn-em-¡p-I. CXn-\p-]-I-cw ]g-¨m-dn-te¡v tNcp-h-I-sfñmw tNÀ¯v Cf-¡n-b-Xn-\p-tijw aqóp \mep aWn-¡qÀ t\cw sh¨v sXfnª knd¸v Ip¸n-I-fn-em¡mw. Hcp `mKw knd-¸n\v Aôn-c«n shÅw tNÀ¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw. 

I-ip-am§m kvIzmjv

Bh-iy-apÅ km[-\-§Ä

X¿m-dm-¡pó hn[w

Iip-am§ IgpIn \oscSp¡pI (Dt±iw 8 enä-À). PVP tNÀ¯v ip²oIcn¨ \ocv akven³ XpWn-bn-eqsS Acn¨v, aäv tNcp-h-IÄ tNÀ¯n-f-¡p-I. CXv Ip¸n-I-fn-em¡n kq£n-¡mw. 

Iip-am§ Pyqkv

Bh-iy-apÅ km[-\-§Ä

X¿m-dm-¡pó hn[w

Iip-am§ \oscSp¯v PVP tNÀ¯v ip²n sNbvXv Acn-s¨-Sp-¡p-I. CXn-te¡v _m¡n tNcp-h-IÄ tNÀ¡p-I. 

Ipdn¸v : 1. Iip-am§ \ocv 75:25 Fó A\p-]m-X-¯nð \mc§/Hmdôv/ss]\m-¸nÄ Fón-h-bn-tesX¦nepsamónsâ \ocp-ambn tNÀ¯v D]-tbm-Kn-¡mw.

2. _mkvIäv {]Êv, kv{Iq{]Êv, sslt{Um-fnIv {]Êv Fóo D]-I-c-W-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn¨mð IqSp-Xð \ocv In«pw.

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