ആമുഖം
tIcf¯nse tXm«hnfIfnð {][m\amb ]¦phln¡pó Hcn\amWv IapIv.
Ingt¡´y³ Zzo]pIsfbmWv IapInsâ DÛhØm\ambn IW¡m¡póXv. ^nenss¸³kmWv IapInsâ kztZisaó
iàamb A`n{]mbhpw \nehnepïv. DjvWkaiotXmjvW taJeIÄ¡v A\ptbmPyamb Cu hnf C´y, ssN\,
^nenss¸³kv, kntem, ]m¡nØm³, aeb, kn¦¸qÀ FónhnS§fnð Irjn sN¿póp.
`mcX¯nð tIcfw, IÀ®mSIw, Bkvkmw Fóo kwØm\§fnemWv `qcn`mKw
IapIv Irjnsb¦nepw B{Ô, almcmjv{S, taLmeb, Xangv\mSv, _wKmÄ, tKmh, Hdokvk Fóo kwØm\§fnepw
IapIv Irjn sN¿pópïv. KpPdm¯nepw Ct¸mÄ IapIv Irjn Bcw`n¨n«pïv. tIcf¯nð an¡hmdpw Fñm
PnñIfnepw IapIv Irjn sN¿pópïv.
h®w Ipdª Cu Hä¯Snhr£¯n\v sX§ntâXpt]mse aïbnð am{Xta CeIÄ
(Hme) ImWs¸SpópÅp. XSnbnepS\ofw HmebpsS ]mSpIÄ Dïmbncn¡pw. 8þ12 hscbmWv HmebpsS
F®w. Hmebv¡v 2þ3 aoäÀ hsc \ofhpw Dïmbncn¡pw. HmebpsS hoXnbpÅ ASn`mKw (]mf) aïsb
s]mXnªp ØnXn sN¿póp. 18þ30 aoäÀ hsc Dbc¯nð IapIv hfcpóp. ]e imJIfpÅ IpeIfnemWv ]q¡Ä
DïmIpóXv. B ]q¡fpw s]]q¡fpw Htc ]q¦pebnð ImWs¸Spóp. IapIv 6þ8 hÀjw apXð hnfhv \ðIn¯pS§póp.
sh«pIð a®nepw, Nphóa®nepw, F¡ða®nepw \ómbn hfcpó hnfbmWv
IapIv. kap{Z\nc¸nð\nópw 1000 aoäÀhsc Dbc¯nð IapIv IrjnsNbvXphcpóp. \ñ ag e`n¡póXpw,
PetkN\kuIcyapÅXpamb Fñm{]tZi§fnte¡pw tbmPn¨ HcphnfbmWnXv.
മുകളിലേക്ക്
ഇനങ്ങള്
IapIn\§fpw {]tXyIXIfpw
C\w
|
]pd¯nd¡nb Øm]\w
|
hnfhv Hcp ac¯nð\nóv
|
{]tXyIXIÄ
|
ku¯v Im\d (ImkÀtImS³) |
IÀ®mSIbnse Im\d Pnñbnð \nópw |
7 In.{Kmw ]¨Sbv¡ 15 In.{Kmw sIm«Sbv¡ 2 In.{Kmw IfnbS¡
|
s]m¡wIqSnb C\w. Fñm sImñhpw XpSÀ¨bmb hnfhp Xcpóp. hep¸apÅ ASbv¡
icmicn ]cn]me\¯nð \ñ Dð¸mZ\w |
awKf |
ssN\bnð \nópÅ C\w. hnäð KthjWtI{µw ]pd¯nd¡n (1972) |
10 In.{Kmw ]¨Sbv¡ 2 In.{Kmw sIm«Sbv¡ 3 In.{Kmw IfnbS¡
|
CS¯cw Dbcw. 3-mw
hÀjw Imbv]nSp¯w. Hcp Ipebnð\nópw IqSpXð ASbv¡, s]]q¡fpsS F®w IqSpXð |
kpawKf |
Ct´mt\jybnð \nópÅ C\w. hnäð KthjW tI{µw ]pd¯nd¡n |
17.5 In.{Kmw ]¨Sbv¡ 3.3 In.{Kmw sIm«Sbv¡ 3.3 In.{Kmw IfnbS¡
|
awKfbpsS Fñm KpW§fpapïv FóXnt\msSm¸w \namhncIsf sNdp¡ph\pÅ tijnbpapïv.
ASbv¡¡v CS¯cw hep¸hpw AÞmIrXnbpw. |
{ioawKf |
knwK¸qcnð\nópÅ C\w. hnäð KthjW tI{µw |
15.6 In.{Kmw ]gp¯ AS¡ 3.18 In.{Kmw IfnbS¡ ]pd¯nd¡n
|
\namhncIsf sNdp¡ph\pÅ tijnbpïv. ASbv¡ DcpïXpw AÞmIrXnbnepÅXpw. |
tamlnXv \KÀ |
]Ýna _wKmfnð\nópÅ C\w |
9.6 In.{Kmw ]gp¯S¡ 3.5 In.{Kmw sIm«Sbv¡ 3.7 In.{Kmw IfnbS¡
|
\ñ DW§nb AS¡ e`n¡póp. tIcf¯nse ImemhØbpambn hfsc \ómbn t]mIpóp.
ASbv¡ CS¯cw hep¸apÅXpw DcpïXpw. |
tImgnt¡mSv 17 (kar²n) |
B³Ua³ \nt¡m_mÀ Zzo]v |
18.9 In.{Kmw ]gp¯S¡ 4.37 In.{Kmw IfnbS¡
|
DbÀó hnfhv, ASbv¡ \oïXpw Dd¸pÅXpw. |
{iohÀ²³ |
almcmjv{S |
3.1 In.{Kmw sIm«Sbv¡ 2 In.{Kmw IfnbS¡
|
Xmw_qe NÀÆW¯n\v A\ptbmPyw. shÅ \nd¯nð DÅ AI¡m¼v. AÞmIrXnbnepÅ AS¡¡p
\namhncIÄs¡Xnsc {]Xntcm[ iàn.
|
kar²n |
tI{µ ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µw, B³Uam³kv |
19.0 In.{Kmw ]gp¯S¡ |
DbÀó hnfhv |
Fkv.F.Fkvv 1 (SAS 1) |
{]mtZinI ImÀjnI KthjW tI{µw. knÀkn
|
24 In.{Kmw ]¨Sbv¡ 4.60 In.{Kmw IfnbS¡
|
Gähpw DbÀó hnfhv \ðIpó C\w. ASbv¡ DcpïXpw CS¯cw hen¸apÅXpw. |
മുകളിലേക്ക്
പരിപാലനം
amXrhr£w sXcsªSp¡ð
hns¯Sp¡póXn\pÅ amXrhr£w sXcsªSp¡pó
Imcy¯nð {]tXyIw {i²n¡Ww. amXrhr£¯nsâ KpWtZmj§Ä Dð¸mZ\£aXsb kzm[o\n¡pw. hnfhv \ðIm³
XpS§pó ImeamWv Dð¸mZ\tijntb¡mÄ {]m[m\yw AÀln¡pó LSIw. t\ct¯ hnfhv \ðIpó KpWw ASp¯]c¼cbv¡v
ssIamdpóXn\pÅ Ignhv IapIn\pïv. XpSÀ¨bmbn aqóphÀjt¯bvs¡¦nepw Hcpt]mse \ñ hnfhv \ðIpó
IapIns\bmWv amXrhr£ambn sXcsªSpt¡ïXv.
hn¯Sbv¡ tiJcn¡pó hn[w
Unkw_ÀþP\phcn Ime¯mWv hn¯Sbv¡
tiJcn¡póXv. hn¯n\mbn«pÅ ASbv¡ IpetbmsS ac¯nð Xsó \nóp ]gp¡m\\phZn¡Ww.
Ah tISpIqSmsX IbdpsI«nbnd¡n thWw hn¯v kw`cn¡m³. hn¯nsâ `mca\pkcn¨v InfnÀ¡póXnsâ
iXam\w hyXymks¸Spw. 41þ45 {Kmwhsc `mcapÅ hn¯pIÄ 90 iXam\hpw InfnÀ¡póXmbn Iïphcpóp.
`mcwIqSnb hn¯pIfnð \nópïm¡pó ssXIfmWv \ómbn hfcpóXv. hn¯pIÄ FSp¯bpSs\
]mIpóXmWv \ñXv. AXn\pkm[n¡pónsñ¦nð XWenð kq£n¨v HcmgvNbv¡pÅnðXsó ]mIm³ {i²n¡Ww.
XhmcW
a®v s]mSn¨v aWð \nc¯nb«pÅ XhmcWIfnð sR«p`mKw apIfnð hc¯¡h®w GItZiw 5 sk.ao.
AIe¯nð hn¯v ]mImw. AXn\ptijw a®n«paqSn apIfnð ]ptñm, ssht¡mtem \nc¯n Znhtk\ \\¨psImSp¡Ww.
\mð¸XpZnhkw sImïv hn¯v InfnÀ¡m³ XpS§pw. InfnÀ¯pIgnªmð HónShn« Znhk§fnð \\¨mð aXnbmIpw.
kkykwc£W \S]SnIÄ bYmkabw ssIs¡mÅWw. sabvþPq¬ amk§fnð, AXmbXv cïpaqóv Ce hncnªv 90
Znhkw {]mbamb ssXIÄ, cïmw XhmcWbnte¡v amän \SWw. CXn\mbn 150 sk.ao. hoXnbnepw kuIcy{]Zamb
\of¯nepw hmc§Ä FSp¡pI. ASnhfambn slIvSdn\v 5 S¬ Fó tXmXnð Imenhfw tNÀ¯tijw ssXIÄ
30 x 30 sk.ao.
AIe¯nð \Smw. ssXIÄ¡v Bhiyamb XWð \ðIWw. CXn\mbn ]´ð C«psImSp¡pItbm, ]´enð ]SÀ¯pó
tImhðt]msebpÅ ]¨¡dn hnfIÄ Irjn sN¿pItbm Asñ¦nð hmg, ac¨o\n Fónh h¨p]nSn¸n¡pItbm
Bhmw. hmghbv¡póXv 2.7
x 3.6 ao. AIe¯nð Bbmð AXn\nSbv¡pÅ Øe¯v XhmcWbv¡mbpÅ hmc§fpw FSp¡m³ Ignbpw.
XhmcWbnð thïnhcpó aäp]cnNcW apdIfmWv \\bpw IfsbSp¸pw, ]pXbnSepw.
ssXIÄ sXcsªSp¡pó hn[w
ssXIÄ¡v 12þ18 amkw {]mbambmð {][m\\net¯bv¡v amän\Smw. \ñssXIÄ sXcsªSp¡póXn\v
\nÀ²mcW kqNIw (Selection
Index) D]tbmKs¸Sp¯mw. CeIfpsS F®s¯ 40 sImïv KpWn¨pIn«pó kwJybnð
\nópw ssXbpsS Dbcw Ipd¨mð \nÀ²mcW kqNIw e`n¡pw. CXv Gähpw A[nIapÅ ssXIÄ¡mbncn¡pw
Dð¸mZ\tijn IqSpXð.
DZm: Dbcw þ 90 sk.ao.
CeIfpsS F®w þ 5
\nÀ²mcW kqNIw = (5 x 40) þ 90 = 110
\nÀ²mcW kqNIw 50þ150 hsc
hyXymks¸«ncn¡pópsh¦nð Ignbpó{X DbÀó kqNI§Ä sXcsªSp¡m³ {i²n¡pI. Chbv¡v Dbcw Ipdhpw,
5þ6 CeIfpw \ñ I®mSn¡\hpapïmIpw. ssXIÄ at®mSpIqSn Cf¡nsbSp¯pthWw \Sm³.
Ipdn¸v: \«v Hcp hÀjw IgnªpÅ I®mSn¡\¯n\pw,
cïphÀj¯n\ptijapÅ ap«pIfpsS F®¯n\pw Dð¸mZ\£aXbpambn _Ôapïv. AXn\mð \«v Hópw cïpw
hÀjw Ignbpt¼mÄ I®mSn¡\anñm¯Xpw thï{X ap«pIÄ Cñm¯Xpamb ssXIÄ Hgnhm¡póXv \ñXmWv. |
\Soð
iànbmb shbnenð \nópw ssXIsf
kwc£n¡póXn\pthïn thK¯nð hfcpóXpw, s]m¡w IqSnbXpamb XWð hr£§Ä tXm«¯nsâ sX¡pw ]Snªmdpw
hi§fnð hfÀ¯Ww.
ssXIÄ
2.7 ao. x
2.7 ao. AIe¯nð sX¡pþhS¡v ZnibnepÅ hcnIfnð \SWw. hcnIÄ¡v ]Snªmdv Znibnte¡v Að]w Ncnhv
(35 Un{Kn) DÅXv A`nImayamWv. 60
x 60 x
60 sk.ao. Afhnð IpgnIsfSp¯v ASnbnð 15 sk.ao. I\¯nð hf¡qdpÅ taða®v \nd¨v ssXIfpsS
I®mSn`mKw a®n\papIfnð hc¯¡h®w \«v a®n«pd¸n¡Ww.
\oÀhmÀ¨bpÅ a®nð sabvþPq¬ amk§fnepw, Ifna®v IeÀó a®nð BKÌvþsk]väw_dnepw ssX \Smw.
BZys¯ 4þ5 hÀjwhsc XWen\mbn hcnIÄ¡nSbnð hmg\SmhpóXmWv.
hf{]tbmKw
\«v BZyhÀjw
apXð ssX Hón\v Hcp hÀjw 12 In.{Kmw Fó tXmXnð ssPhhfw tNÀ¡Ww. Imenhfw,
It¼mÌv, tImgnhfw, Fñps]mSn, B«n³ImjvSw, ]¨nehf§Ä FónhsbñmwXsó \ñ ssPhhf§fmWv. sk]väw_ÀþHIvtSm_À
amk§fnð ssPhhfw tNÀ¡mw.
hfÀ¨sb¯nb \mS³ IapIn\v 100:40:140 {Kmw hoXhpw, Dð¸mZ\tijn IqSnbhbv¡v 150:60:210
{Kmw hoXhpw NPK
e`n¡¯¡h®w cmkhf§Ä Hcp hÀjw BhiyamWv. \«v Hcp hÀjw {]mbambhbv¡v CXnsâ aqónð Hcp `mKhpw,
2 hÀjw {]mbambhbv¡v aqónð cïv `mKhpw, aqómw hÀjw apXð apgph³ tXmXpw \ðImw. PetkN\kuIcyapÅ
tXm«§fnð Hómw KUp cmkhfw sk]väw_ÀþHIvtSm_dnepw, cïmwKUp s^{_phcnbnepw \ðImw. agsb
B{ibn¨v IrjnsN¿pt¼mÄ cïmwKUp th\ð ag e`n¨Xn\ptijw amÀ¨vþG{]nð amk§fnð \ðIpI. Hócþcïv
aoäÀ hymk¯nepw, 15þ20 sk.ao. Bg¯nepw FSp¯ XS§fnð cmkhf§fpw, ssPhhf§fpw sk]väw_ÀþHIvtSm_À
amk§fnembn tNÀ¯v XSw aqSWw. cïmwKUp cmkhfw If \o¡btijw ISbv¡en«v a®nð sIm¯nbnf¡n
tNÀ¯mðaXn.
]pfnckapÅ a®nð ssX Hón\v
500 {Kmw Ip½mbw ctïmþaqtóm hÀjw IqSpt¼mÄ C«psImSp¡Ww.
cïmwKUp cmkhfw tNÀ¡póXn\v cïmgvN ap¼mbn Ip½mbw hnXdn a®pambn sIm¯nbnf¡Ww.
PetkN\w
ImemhØbpw a®nsâ LS\bpa\pkcn¨v 3 apXð 5 hsc Znhkw CShn«v \\bv¡Ww. ]Snªmd³ Xoc{]tZi§fnð
\hw_ÀþUnkw_À amk§fnð 7þ8 Znhk¯nsemcn¡epw, P\phcnþs^{_phcn amk§fnð 6 Znhk¯nsemcn¡epw,
amÀ¨vþG{]nð amk§fnð 3þ5 Znhk¯nsemcn¡epw \\bv¡Ww FómWv ip]mÀi. IapsImón\v Hmtcm \\bv¡pw
175 enäÀ shÅw sImSp¡Ww. PeZuÀe`yapÅ Øe§fnð ""XpÅn\\'' coXnbmWv \ñXv. ]pXbnSpóXv
tXm«¯nse CuÀ¸w \ne\nÀ¯póXn\v klmbn¡pw.
AtXmsSm¸wXsó ag¡me¯v IapIn³ tXm«§fnð NmepIÄ Iodn \oÀhmÀ¨mkuIcyw sa¨s¸Sp¯m\pw {i²n¡Ww.
Pe\nÀ¤a\tijn Ipdbpt¼mÄ tcmKw hcm\pÅ km²yX Gdnhcpóp.
Irjn¸WnIÄ
tXm«¯nð IfIÄ CñmXncn¡m³ {i²n¡Ww.
ImehÀjahkm\n¡pótXmsS HIvtSm_Àþ\hw_À amk§fnð Inft¨m, sIm¯ntbm tXm«¯nse a®v Cf¡Ww.
sNcnhpÅ Øe§fnð X«pIfpïm¡n as®men¸v XSbWw. BhcW hnfIfptStbm, ]¨nehfs¨SnIfptStbm hn¯v
G{]nðþsabv amk§fnð th\ðatgmsS hnX¨v sk]väw_ÀþHIvtSm_À amk§fnð Ah ]q¡pótXmsS a®nð
DgpXptNÀ¡mw.
CShnfbpw, an{ihnfbpw
tN\, ssIX¨¡, IpcpapfIv, shäne, Kn\n¸pല്ല്v, sImt¡m, Cഞ്ചി, Gew XpS§nbh IapIn³ tXm«¯nല് hfÀ¯mw. sImt¡m \Spt¼mÄ
2.7
x 5.4 aoäÀ AIew BhiyamWv. GXphnfbmbmepw Hmtcmന്നn\pw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw
hfw sNt¿Xv AXymhiyamWv.
മുകളിലേക്ക്
സസ്യസംരക്ഷണം
IoS§Ä
aWvUcnIÄ:Hmdôv \nd¯nepÅ aWvUcnIfmWv
IapInsâ Hcp {][m\IoSw. Chsb ssUsat¯mtbäv 0.05 iXam\w Xfn¨v
\nb{´n¡mw.
Ipcpt¯me¨mgn:CXnsâ B{IaW^eambn CeIfnð Xhn«p\nd¯nepÅ
DW§nb ]mSpIÄ ImWmw. ImÀ_mdnð 50 iXam\w WP
Xfn¨v Chsb \nb{´n¡mw. IoS\min\n Hme¡hnfpIfnð hogpópsïóv Dd¸v hcp¯Ww. IoS_m[ XpSÀópw
ImWpIbmsW¦nð 30þ35 Znhk¯n\ptijw Hcn¡ðIqSn acpóp Xfnt¡ïnhcpw.
]q¦pe¨mgn: ]q¦pe hncnbpóXn\pap¼mbn ame¯ntbm
50EC
(250 an.en./100 en.shÅw) Xfn¨psImSp¡pI. saämðUnsslUv Fó IoS\min\n D]tbmKn¨pÅ
sIWnIÄh¨v IapIns\ B{Ian¡pó H¨pIsf \in¸n¡póXv ]q¦pe¨mgnbpsS B{IaWkm²yX Ipdbv¡pw.
thcpXo\n¸pgp¡Ä
ac¯n\pNpäpw 10þ15 sk.ao.
Bg¯nð a®nf¡n 0.04% t¢mtdmss]dnt^mkv emb\n cïp XhW (BZyt¯Xv ImehÀj¯n\pap¼v G{]nðþsabv
amk§fnepw, ]nóoSv ag Ahkm\n¡póXn\v ap¼v sk]väw_ÀþHIvtSm_dnepw) a®v IpXncpó hn[¯nð
Hgn¨psImSp¡Ww. ctïmþaqtóm hÀjw XpSÀ¨bmbn C{]Imcw sNbvXmð thcpXo\n¸pgp¡sf apgh\mbpw
\in¸n¡m\mhpw.
tcmK§Ä
almfn AYhm ImbvNobð
Hcp iXam\w hocyapÅ t_mÀtUman{inXw
hÀj¯nð ctïmþaqtóm XhW IpeIfnð Xfn¨psImSp¡Ww. BZy acpópXfn sX¡p]Snªmd³ ImehÀj¯n\p
ap³]pw, ]nót¯Xv 40 Znhkw Ignªpamhmw. ag \oïp\nð¡pIbmsW¦nð
aqómasXmcp XhWIqSn acpópXfn¡Ww. ]ibmbn tdmkn³tkmU D]tbmKn¡mw. tcmKw _m[n¨Xpw sImgnªphoWXpamb
ASbv¡IÄ tiJcn¨v tXm«¯nð\nópw \o¡w sN¿Ww.
Iq¼pNobð
tcmKw_m[n¨ Iq¼pw HmeIfpw sh«namän \in¸n¡Ww. tcmK¯nsâ XpS¡amsW¦nð Noª `mK§Ä
\o¡nbtijw apdn¸mSnð t_mÀtUman{inXw ]pc«pItbm, 1 iXam\w hocyapÅ t_mÀtUman{inXw aïbnð
\ñh®w hog¯¡hn[w Xfn¡pItbm sN¿pI.
aqSpNobð
-
tcmKw _m[n¨ ac¯n\pNph«nð\nópw Hcp aoäÀ AIe¯nð hr¯mIrXnbnð 30 sk.ao. hoXnbpw, 60
sk.ao. BghpapÅ InS§v Ipgn¨v tcmKw aäv hi§fnte¡v ]IcpóXv XSbmw.
-
Im]väm³ 0.3%, ImenIvkn³ 0.1%,
tIm¸ÀHmIvknt¢mssdUv 0.3% FónhbntesX¦nepsamóp]tbmKn¨v XS¯nse a®v IpXnÀ¡Ww.
-
tcmKw_m[n¨ ac§Ä IStbmsS tXm«¯nð\nóv amän \in¸n¡pI.
-
ssXIÄ \SpóXn\v ap¼v a®v 1
iXam\w hocyapÅ t_mÀtUman{inXw sImïv IpXnÀ¡pI.
-
tcmKtlXphmb Ipanfnsâ BXntYbkky§fmb
KpðtamlÀ, D§v apXemb ac§Ä tXm«¯ntem, AXn\Spt¯m hfcmXncn¡m³ {]tXyIw {i²n¡pI.
-
acsamón\v 2 In.{Kmw th¸n³]n®m¡nSpI.
- shůneqsS tcmKw ]IcpsaóXn\mð
tcmKw _m[n¨ ac§fpÅ tXm«§fnð \\bv¡pt¼mÄ shÅw, tcmKw_m[n¨ ac¯nsâ ISbv¡ð \nópw aäpac§fpsS
XS¯nte¡v XpdóphnSmXncn¡pI.
Hmeaªfn¸v tcmKw
tcmKw _m[n¨ ac§fpsS BtcmKyw
hosïSp¡póXn\v ip]mÀisNbvXn«pÅ hf{]tbmKw, Irjn¸WnIÄ, kkykwc£W amÀK§Ä Fónh kzoIcn¡pI.
tXm«¯nse \oÀhmÀ¨mkuIcyw IpäaäXm¡pI.
tcmK\nb{´Ww
-
ip]mÀisNbvXn«pÅ Afhnð hfw tNÀ¡pI.
- ip]mÀisNbvX hf¯n\p]pdta 160
{Kmw tdm¡vt^mkvt^äv hoXw Hmtcmac¯n\pw tNÀ¡pI.
-
Hcp ac¯n\v 12 In.{Kmw hoXw
It¼mÌpw ]¨nehfhpw Hcp hÀjw \ðIpI.
- th\ð¡me¯v PetkN\w \S¯Ww.
-
\oÀhmÀ¨mkuIcyw Dd¸v hcp¯Ww.
- BhcW hnfIÄ IrjnsN¿pI.
-
hfsc Ipd¨p ac§Ä¡v am{Xta
tcmKw_m[n¨n«pÅpsh¦nð AXv ]IcmXncn¡póXn\v Ah tXm«¯nð \nópw bYmkabw \o¡wsN¿pI.
-
kkykwc£W \S]SnIÄ IrXyambn \S¸nem¡pI.
I®mSnNobð
XhmcWIfnð \oÀhmÀ¨mkuIcyw
Ipdbpt¼mÄ Iïphcpó Hcp tcmKamWnXv. ssXIfpsS Iq¼nepw IS`mK¯pw 1 iXam\w hocyapÅ t_mÀtUman{inXw
Hgn¨psImSp¡pI.
]q¦peIcn¨nð
tcmKw_m[n¨ ]q¦pe \o¡wsNbvXtijw
kn\_v 4 {Kmw Asñ¦nð amt¦msk_v 3 {Kmw, Hcp enäÀshůnð IeÀ¯n s]ണ്]q¡Ä
hncnbpt¼mgpw
AXn\ptijw 15þ28 Znhkw Ignªpw Xfn¡pI. Hmdn^wKn³tkmÄ 50
ppm Dw Cu tcmKs¯ \nb{´n¡póXn\v ^e{]Zambn Iïn«pïv.
sNóoscmen¸v
10þ15 hÀjw {]mbapÅ ac§fnemWv
km[mcWbmbn Cu tcmKw ImWpóXv. XSnbpsS IS`mK¯v sNdnb \ndhyXymkambn«mWv tcmKw XpS§póXv.
]nóoSv Cu ]mSpIÄ hepXmhpIbpw, XSn hnÅpIbpw, AIs¯ \mcpIÄ AgpIpIbpw sN¿pw. tcmKw IqSpótXmsS
apdnhnð\nópw Xhn«p\nd¯nepÅ {ZmhIw Hen¡m³ XpS§pw. a®nse shÅs¡«v tcmKw hÀ²n¸n¡pw.
\oÀhmÀ¨ sa¨s¸Sp¯pIbpw, ss{SUntamÀ^v (1.5%) thcnð¡qSn \ðIpIbpamWv {]Xnhn[n.
XSnhnÅð (XSnbpW¡w)
sX¡p]Snªmd³ shbnð Gð¡msX
ac§Ä ]mfh¨v sI«pItbm, shÅ]qipItbm sN¿pI. hfscthKw Dbc¯nð hfcpó ac§Ä tXm«¯nsâ hi§fnð
sX¡pw ]Snªmdpw `mK§fnð h¨p]nSn¸n¡pI.
Imbv hnÅð
10 apXð 25 hÀjwhsc {]mbapÅ
ac§fnemWv Cu tcmKw IqSpXembn ImWpóXv. ]IpXntbm, ap¡mð`mKtam aq¸mIpt¼mtg¡pw ImbvIÄ
aªfn¡póXmWv e£Ww. ImbpsS Aä¯v\nóv Bcw`nക്കുó
hnÅð s\SpsI hym]n¨v hn¯v ]pdt¯¡v ImWmdmIpw.
A]qÀÆambn ]pdwtXmSn\v tISnñmsX hn¯n\pam{Xw hnÅteð¡pw. AanXamb hf{]tbmKw, hcĨ¡vtijapÅ
Pee`yX, Bhiy¯n\pÅ CuÀ¸anñmbva FónhbmWv tcmKImcW§Ä. \oÀhmÀ¨ sa¨s¸Sp¯pIbpw t_mdmIvkv
2 {Kmw/Hcp enäÀ shůnð FtXmXnð Xfn¡pIbpw sN¿póXv tcmKw Ipdbv¡póXmbn Iïn«pïv.
മുകളിലേക്ക്
വിളവെടുപ്പ്
\«v 6þ7 hÀjw Ignªmð IapIv Imbv¡m³ XpS§pw. 10þ-15 hÀjamIpótXmsS Dð¸mZ\w
Gähpw anI¨ \nebnemIpóp. ]nóoSv 20 hÀjw hsc \ñ hnfhv Xcpw. AXn\ptijw Dð¸mZ\w {ItaW
IpdbpIbpw GItZiw 40 hÀjamIpt¼mtg¡pw Dð¸mZ\w \nebv¡pIbpw sN¿póp. 20 hÀjw {]mbamb
tXm«¯nð ASnss¯IÄ hbv¡mw.
kwkv¡cns¨Sp¡pó Dð¸ó¯n\\pkcn¨v
]dn¡pó ASbv¡bpsS aq¸v (hnfhv) hyXykvXamWv. ASbv¡ hnfbpóXnse hnhn[ L«§Ä ChbmWv.
6 amkw ]IpXn
aq¸v
7 amkw aq¯Xv,
]s£ ]¨\ndw
8 amkw ]IpXn
]gp¯Xv
9 amkw ]gp¯
ASbv¡
\ómbn {i²n¡pó tXm«§fnð icmicn
120 ASbv¡ Hcp ac¯nð \nóv In«pw. Hcp slÎdnð \nóv icmicn 11.5 S¬ AS¡ Dð¸mZn¸n¡mw.
\hw_À apXð s^{_phcn hscbmWv tIcf¯nð ASbv¡ ]gp¯p hnfªp In«póXv. CXnð Gdnb ]¦pw \hw_ÀþUnkw_À
amk¯nð hnfshSp¸v Ignbpw. IapIn³ tXm¸pIfnð km[mcW Hcä¯pÅ sNSnbnembncn¡pw Ibä¡mÀ IbdpóXv.
B ac¯nse ASbv¡ ]dn¨p Ignªmð ac¯nsâ Xe¸¯ncpóv hoinbmSn sXm«Sp¯ ac¯nð ]nSn¡póp. C§s\
tXm«¯nse apgph³ achpw hnfshSp¯ tijta Xmtg¡v Cd§nhcpópÅp.
മുകളിലേക്ക്
സംസ്കരണം
kwkv¡cW coXnsb ASnØm\am¡n
hnhn[ aq¸pÅ ASbv¡IfmWv tiJcnt¡ïXv. 23
amkw {]mbapÅ ASbv¡IfmWv Xosc aqs¸¯m¯Xv. 9 amkw aqs¸¯nbhbmWv
Gähpw ]mIambXv. CXn\nSbv¡pÅ ]e L«§fnepw ASbv¡ tiJcn¡mdpïv.
\oäSbv¡
shäne apdp¡pImÀ AS¡ cïv aqóv
Xc¯nð D]tbmKn¡mdpïv. ]gp¡Sbv¡ DW§nt¸mIsX kq£n¡póXmWv BZys¯ coXn. CXn\v \oäSbv¡ Fóp
]dbpw. \ómbn hnfªp ]gp¯ ASbv¡ hr¯nb¡n a¬ Ie§fnð shÅsamgn¨v AXnð kq£n¡póp. ]ïv \m«n³]pd§fnð
ASp¯ hnfshSp¸pImew hsc AS¡ C§s\ kq£n¡mdpïv. ho«mhiy¯n\pÅ ASbv¡bmWv km[mcW C§s\ \ocnð
kq£n¡póXv. _mÎocnb _m[n¨v sXmïv AfnbpóXpaqew \oäS¡ ]gIpt¼mÄ Noª \mäambncn¡pw. Fómð
km[mcW KXnbnð sXmenbnepÅ Nobð ASbv¡sb _m[n¡pIbnñ.
Bkvkmanð CtX Bhiy¯n\v ASbv¡
a®nemWs{X kq£n¡póXv. ChnsSbpw _mÎcobbpw Ipanfpw _m[n¨v sXmïv AgpImdpïv. IÀ®mSI¯nse
sk³{Sð ^pUv sSIvt\mfPn¡ð dnkÀ¨v C³Ìnäyq«v (CFTRI) \oäSbv¡ kq£n¡m³ Hcp \qX\amÀ¤w Isï¯nbn«pïv.
BZyambn ASbv¡ t¢mdn³ IeÀ¯nb shůnð IgpIpI. AXp Ignªv 0.2% Imðkyw t¢mssdUv emb\nbnð ap¡nsbSp¡pI. CXv sXmen¸pdtabpÅ AWp¡sf
Ipdbv¡m³ klmbn¡pw. AXn\ptijw 0.1% hocyapÅ tkmUnbw s_³tkmtbäpw
0.2% hocyapÅ saämss_kÄss^äpw tNÀópÅ emb\nbnð
(pH
4.0) kq£n¡pI. Cu coXnbnð ASbv¡ bmsXmcp tISpw IqSmsX Hcp hÀjw hsc kq£n¨phbv¡mw.
C\n ASbv¡bpsS Gähpw {]NmcapÅ
aäv cïn\§fmWv sIm«¸m¡pw IfnbSbv¡bpw.
sIm«¸m¡v
\ómbn hnfªv ]gp¯ ASbv¡ shbnenð
DW¡n FSp¯mWv sIm«¸m¡pïm¡póXv. ASbv¡ \ñ shbnenð 35-þ-40 Znhkw DW¡n FSp¡Ww. \ómbn Hcpt]mse DW§m³ ASbv¡ CS¡nsS Nn¡ns¡mSp¡pIbpw
thWw. \ómbn DW§nb ASbv¡bmWv sIm«¸m¡mbn hn]Wnbnð F¯póXv. ASbv¡bpsS hen¸a\pkcn¨v hn]Wnbnð
tam¯n, tamd, Pmw, Po\n, en³Un Fóo Aôv t{KUpIfmbn Xncn¨ncn¡póp. aq¸pIpdª ASbv¡, ASbv¡
hnïpIodð, sXmen ]än¸nSn¨ncn¡pI, IoS IpanÄ_m[ CsXñmw sIm«Sbv¡bpsS hnesb _[n¡pó LSI§fmWv.
DW§ð Ffp¸amIm³ ASbv¡ Nnet¸mÄ cïmbn s]mfn¨v DW¡mdpïv. C§s\ s]mfn¨ ASbv¡
10 Znhkw sImïv DW§n¡n«pw. AXn\ptijw ASbv¡ sXmïnð \nóv ASÀ¯nsbSp¯v
HópIqSn DW¡póp. C§s\ DW¡nb ASbv¡ ]mÀ¨ Fó t]cnemWv Adnbs¸SpóXv.
ASbv¡ DW¡nsbSp¡m\pÅ
Hcp b{´w ssakqcnse sk³{Sð ^pUv sSIvt\mfPn¡ð dnkÀ¨v C³Ìnäq«v cq]Ið¸\
sNbvXn«pïv. Cu b{´¯nð 78 Znhkw sImïv ASbv¡ DW¡nsbSp¡mw.
HmtcmZnhkhpw 8 aWn¡qÀ DW¡pIbpw 16 aWn¡qÀ Hmh\nepw hbv¡póp.
DW¡nb sIm«Sbv¡ sXmen Ifbm\pw Hcp D]IcWw \nÀ½n¨n«pïv. Hcp km[mcW sXmgnemfn¡v 8 aWn¡qÀ sImïv 40 Intem{Kmw
ASb¡ Cu b{´w D]tbmKn¨v sXmen Ifbmw.
Ifn¸m¡v
sIm«Sbv¡ t]mse¯só hn]W\ {]m[m\yapÅ
asämcp Dð¸óamWv Ifn¸m¡v AYhm IfnbSbv¡. 67
amkw aq¸pÅ ASbv¡bmWv IfnbS¡ \nÀ½n¡m³ D]tbmKn¡póXv. BZyambn ASbv¡bpsS sXmen Ifbpóp.
BhiyapÅ cq]¯nepw hen¸¯nepT sh«nsbSp¡IbmWv ASp¯]Sn. sh«póXnepÅ hyXymk§f\pkcn¨v IfnbSbv¡
\nch[n t{KUpIfpïv. Dï Fó C\w t]cpt]mse Xsó sh«m¯ Dcpï ASbv¡IfmWv. Häsh«v IpdpsI
cïmbn apdn¨ C\amWv. NqÀ Fóbn\¯nð s\SpsI Ipsd sh«pIÄ sImSp¡póp. sh«pIfpsS F®¯nepÅ
hyXymk¯nð Ch hoïpw Xcw Xncn¡s¸Spóp. s\SpsIbpw IpdpsIbpw sh«nbmWv s]mSn Fó t{KUv
Dïm¡póXv. Ctdkðkv In«m³ IpdpsIbmWv ASbv¡ h«póXv. Bhiym\pkcWw ASbv¡ sh«n¡gnªmð AXp
shůnð ]pgp§n FSp¡pIbmWv ASp¯]Sn. Htc shůnð 34 XhW
ASbv¡ ]pgp§n FSp¡mw. ASbv¡ thhn¨ shÅw ]nóoSv Ipdp¡nsbSp¡póp. CXns\bmWv Ifn Fóp ]dbpóXv.
thhn¨ ASbv¡ Cu Ifn ]pc«n DW¡nsbSp¡póp. Ifn henbpt¼mÄ hoïpw 23
XhW Ifn ]pc«n DW¡póXv ASbv¡¡v Xnf¡w Iq«m³ klmbn¡pw. thhn¡msXbpw aq¸pIpdª
ASbv¡IÄ DW¡n FSp¡mdpïv. sFtem Fó t]cnemWv Cu t{KUv Adnbs¸SpóXv.
hmk\ ASbv¡
DW¡nb ASbv¡ sNdnb IjvW§fm¡n
AXnð hmk\bpw kzmZpw hÀ²n¸n¡m³ hnhn[ Xcw km[\§Ä Iq«n¨À¯mWv hmk\ ASbv¡ Dïm¡póXv. kzmZv
hÀ²n¸n¡m³ tNÀ¡pó km[\§Ä Hmtcm I¼\nbpw AXoh clkyambn kq£n¡póp.
മുകളിലേക്ക്
കമുകില് നിന്നുള്ള ഉല്പന്നങ്ങള്
Sm\n³
IfnbS¡ Dïm¡pt¼mÄ Dt]mð¸óambmWv
Sm\n³ e`n¡póXv. ASbv¡ thhn¨p In«pó Ifnbnð Sm\n³ [mcmfw Dïv. XpWnIfpw Ibdpw \ndw
]nSn¸n¡m\pw XpIð Sm\nwKn\pw ASbv¡bnð \nópapÅ Sm\n³ D]tbmKn¡mw.
sImgp¸v
ASbv¡bnð
8-þ12 iXam\w sImgp¸v AS§nbn«pïv. a[pc]elmc§Ä¡pw kuµcy hÀ²IhkvXp¡fnepw D]tbmKn¡pó
Xcw sImgp¸mWnXv.
sXmïv
sXmïnð \nópÅ NIncn \mcv Ipj\pIÄ,
ss^_À t_mÀUpIÄ Fónh Dïm¡m³ D]tbmKn¡mw.
IapIn³]mf
IapIn³]mfsImïv sNdnb XfnI,
sFkv{Iow I¸v, ¥mÊv, Icïn Fónh \nÀ½n¡mhpóXmWv. CXv D]tbmKn¡m³ kuIcy{]ZamsWópa{Xañ,
D]tbmKtijw IfbmhpóXmWv. A´co£aen\oIcW¯n\v CSbm¡pó ¹mkvänIv sImïpÅ \ntXym]tbmKhkvXp¡fpsS
AXn{]kcw Ipdbv¡m³ kzoImcyamb Hcp aÀ¤amWnXv. IapIn³]mf sImïpÅ sXm¸n, hnidn, shÅw
tImcpóXn\pÅ ]mf, sNcp¸v Fónh hfsc ]ïp Imew XpS§n D]tbmKn¨phcpópïv. IqSmsX IapIn³
]«sImïv Nqev, sXcnI Fónhbpw Dïm¡mw.
മുകളിലേക്ക്
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