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Culture Techniques
The culture technique involves 3 major stages: fry conditioning, nursery rearing
and grow-out management.
Fry Conditioning
Tiny grouper fry which are newly caught from the wild are very delicate and sensitive
to changes in water conditions (e.g. water salinity, turbidity, temperature, DO),
hence, stocking them directly into the nursery ponds or net cages will result to
high mortalities. Therefore, it is necessary for tiny groupers (2-3 cm body length)
to first be conditioned in plastic or concrete tanks for a month under controlled
environmental conditions. Upon arrival to the site , newly caught wild grouper fry
are first sterilized in 10-20% formalin solution for about 15-20 minutes to free
the fry of any bacterial or parasite infection. After sterilization, the fry are
stocked in aerated tanks filled with live small fish and crustaceans (e.g. fish
larvae, Acetes, Artemia) and insect larvae at least three times a day of 0600, 1200
and 1800h respectively. Before feeding the fish, tanks are changed with new sea
water and cleaned of dirt, fish faeces and uneaten food. The fry must be sorted
every 2 weeks by separating the big ones (shooters) from the small ones to avoid
cannibalism. After a month, the surviving grouper juveniles can now be transferred
to the nursery net cages.
Nursery Rearing
Sort healthy and conditioned grouper juveniles (3-5 body length) and stock in nursery
net cages at a stocking rate of 60-100 fish per cu.m. The nursery net cages should
have a 2-5mm mesh size and measure 2m x 2m x 1m, submerged about 80 cm below the
waterline. For safety reasons, it is advisable to cover the net cages with nets.
Feed the juvenile groupers to satiation three times daily at 0600, 1200 and 1800
h respectively. During the first month, the fish are fed with live small fish, crustaceans
and insect larvae. In the second month, the fish are weaned with finely chopped
trash fish and small shrimp. To prevent cannibalism, the fish are sorted every 2
weeks by manually separating the smaller ones in another net cage.
Feeding scheme for grouper net cage culture in
coastal waters
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Culture Period (days)
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Growing stage (g)
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Initial body length (cm)
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Feeding rate and feed type
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Feeding frequency
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1-30
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Tiny
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2-3 cm
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Satiation feeding; live fish larvae, Acetes, Artemia & insect larvae
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3x daily 0600/1200/1800 hr
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Fry
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3-5 cm
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Satiation feeding, live fish larvae, Acetes, chopped anchovies and shrimps
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2x daily 0700/1700
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91-150
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Fingerling
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8-12
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Satiation feeding, live tilapia fingerlings or trash fish
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Once every 2 days
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151-240
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Undersize
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15-20 cm
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Satiation feeding, live tilapia fingerlings or trash fish
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Once every 2 days
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241-300
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Good size
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25-30cm
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Satiation feeding, live tilapia fingerlings or trash fish
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Once every 2 days
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Grow-out Management
The grow-out stage can be undertaken in net cages measuring 2m x 2m x 1m, 3m x 3m
x 1.5 m and 5m x 5m x 2m using a G net or PE knotted net with a 2-3 cm mesh size.
The stocking rate in the grow-out net cage is varied depending on the size of grouper.
Recommended stocking rate of grouper in grow-out
net cages
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Initial body weight
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Fish body length
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Stocking rate
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20-30 g
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8-12 cm
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50-60 m3
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200-250 g
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17 – 22 cm
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30 – 40 m3
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400 g above
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25 –30 cm
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20 - 30 m3
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Monitoring: Take a few samples of the stock every 15 days to determine feed requirement
and growth rate of grouper stock. Scoop out 10-15 samples and measure the weight
of each sample.
- The average body weight will be used in determining the feed requirement bimonthly.
- Inspect nets for tears or breaks.
- Clean/remove dirt, debris and fouling organism attached to the nets
- Repair or replace damaged nets.
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