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Feed Management
Feeding of calves
The success of dairy farming depends to a large extent on rearing of calves to a
breedable age at a fast rate and with minimum mortality. In addition to the genetic
influence, nutrition of the dam during gestation is important for healthy and vigorous
calf. Birth weight is an important factor determining the maximum potential weight
gain of calves.
Feeding of colostrum to young calves
Calves may be weaned immediately after birth, wherever it is possible. They should
be fed colostrum soon after birth within half an hour or at the most within two
or three hours and continued for a minimum of 4 days, fed at the rate of 1/10th
of their body weight. It contains large quantities of immune bodies, which offer
resistance against infections. Colostrum is rich in protein, minerals and vitamins
especially vitamin A and has a laxative effect.
The following points are important:
- Feed the exact quantity of colostrum / milk as per the recommendations given earlier.
-
Feed freshly drawn colostrum / milk at calf's body temperature avoiding contamination.
-
Whenever there is large amount of foam on the milk, it should be removed by drawing
a paddle on the surface or by filtering through a clean cloth.
- Stanchion or
tie the calves at milk feeding to avoid spilling.
- Clean and sterilise the pails
and other utensils holding the milk, daily.
- Excess colostrum, if any, may be
fed to older calves but should be diluted with water or whole milk.
Feeding schedule for calves up to 6 months
|
Age of calf
|
Approx. body weight (kg)
|
Quantity of milk (kg)
|
Quantity of calf starter (g)
|
Green grass (kg)
|
|
4 days to 4 weeks
|
25
|
2.5
|
Small qty.
|
Small qty.
|
|
4-6 weeks
|
30
|
3.0
|
50-100
|
Small qty.
|
|
6-8 weeks
|
35
|
2.5
|
100-250
|
Small qty.
|
|
8-10 weeks
|
40
|
2.0
|
250-350
|
Small qty.
|
|
10-12 weeks
|
45
|
1.5
|
350-500
|
1-0
|
|
12-16 weeks
|
55
|
-
|
500-750
|
1-2
|
|
16-20 weeks
|
65
|
-
|
750-1000
|
2-3
|
|
20-24 weeks
|
75
|
-
|
1000-1500
|
3-5
|
(Source: Kerala Agricultural University)
Calf starter is a highly nutritious concentrate mixture containing all the nutrients
in proper proportion required for optimum growth and is used as a partial substitute
for whole milk in the ration of calves. Since quality of protein is very important
to calves until their rumen is fully functional, animal protein supplements such
as fish meal should be included in calf starters. Urea should not be included in
calf starters.
B.I.S standards for calf starter meal
|
Characteristics
|
Requirement
|
|
Moisture per cent by Wt. (max.)
|
10
|
|
Crude protein (Nx6.25) per cent by weight
|
23-26
|
|
Crude fat per cent by Wt. (min.)
|
4
|
|
Crude fibre per cent by weight (max.)
|
7.0
|
|
Total ash percent by weight (max.)
|
5.0
|
|
Acid insoluble ash per cent by weight (max.)
|
2.5
|
|
Common salt (on dry basis) percent by weight (max.)
|
1.0
|
|
Calcium on dry basis per cent by weight (min.)
|
1.2
|
|
Phosphorus (on dry basis) per cent by weight (min.)
|
0.8
|
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Vitamin A IU/kg
|
10,000
|
Feeding of growing animals (From 6 months onwards)
For calves below one year of age it is always desirable to give sufficient concentrates
in addition to good roughage so that they make optimum growth. Feeding concentrate
can be considerably reduced in the case of calves over one year of age fed on high
quality roughage. A judicious mixture of roughage and concentrate is essential for
obtaining optimum growth without undue fat deposition.
From six months onwards, calves can be given the same type of concentrate mixture
(14-16% Digestible Crude Protein and about 70% Total Digestible Nutrients) as used
for adult cattle. Examples of concentrate mixtures are given separately.
Feeding schedule of growing animals from 6 months
onwards is given below:
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Age (months)
|
Approximate body weight (kg)
|
Concentrate mixture (kg)
|
Grass (kg)
|
|
6-9
|
70-100
|
1.5-1.75
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5-10
|
|
9-15
|
100-150
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1.75-2.25
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10-15
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|
15-20
|
150-200
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2.25-2.50
|
15-20
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|
Above 20
|
200-300
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2.50-2.75
|
15-20
|
(Source: Kerala Agricultural University)
B.I.S. specifications for compounded feeds for
cattle (1992)
|
Characteristics
|
Grade I
|
Grade II
|
|
1. Moisture percent (maximum)
|
11
|
11
|
|
2. Crude protein (Nx6.25) per cent by weight (min)
|
22
|
20
|
|
3. Crude fat per cent by weight (min)
|
3.0
|
2.5
|
|
4. Crude fibre per cent by weight (max)
|
7.0
|
12
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5. Acid insoluble ash per cent by weight (max)
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3.0
|
4.0
|
Some recommended concentrate mixtures (Approx.
15% DCP about 70% TDN)
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Sl.no
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Ingredients
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Parts
|
|
1
|
Groundnut cake
Gingelly oil cake
Rice bran
Dried tapioca chips
Mineral mixture
Salt
|
32
5
25
35
2
1
|
|
2
|
Groundnut cake 30
Coconut cake or cotton seed cake 10
Rice bran 30
Yellow maize 27
Mineral mixture 2
Salt
|
30
10
30
27
2
1
|
|
3
|
Groundnut cake
Rice bran
Tamarind seed (decorticated)
Dried tapioca chips
Mineral mixture
Salt
|
33
30
10
24
2
1
|
|
4
|
Gingelly cake 20
Coconut cake 15
Yellow maize 32
Wheat bran 30
Mineral mixture 2
Salt
|
20
15
32
30
2
1
|
|
5
|
Sunflower cake (decorticated) 25
Cotton seed cake (decorticated) 15
Jowar 25
Wheat bran 32
Mineral mixture 2
Salt
|
25
15
25
32
2
1
|
|
6
|
Groundnut cake 20
Rubber seed cake 20
Yellow maize 27
Wheat bran 15
Tapioca starch waste 15
Mineral mixture 2
Salt
|
20
20
27
15
15
2
1
|
Feeding schedules for dairy animals (Quantity in
kg.)
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Sl.No.
|
Type of animal
|
Feeding during
|
Green Fodder
|
Dry Fodder
|
Concentrate
|
|
(A) CROSSBRED COW
|
|
a)
|
6 to 7 litres milk per day
|
Lactation days
|
20 to 25
|
5 to 6
|
3.0 to 3.5
|
|
Dry days
|
15 to 20
|
6 to 7
|
0.5 to 1.0
|
|
b)
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8 to 10 litres milk per day
|
Lactation days
|
25 to 30
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4 to 5
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4.0 to 4.5
|
|
Dry days
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20 to 25
|
6 to 7
|
0.5 to 1.0
|
(Source: NDDB)
Feeding of lactating
cows
Feeding of lactating cow
Proper feeding of dairy cattle should envisage minimum wastage of nutrients and
maximum returns in respect of milk produced. A concentrate mixture made up of protein
supplements such as oil cakes, energy sources such as cereal grains (maize, jowar),
tapioca chips and laxative feeds such as brans (rice bran, wheat bran, gram husk)
is generally used. Mineral mixture containing major and all the trace elements should
be included at a level of 2 percent.
Feeding schedule for different classes of adult
cows (approximate body weight-250 kg)
|
When green grass is plenty
|
When paddy straw is the major roughage
|
|
Category
|
Concentrate mixture (Kg)
|
Green Grass (kg)
|
Concentrate Mixture (kg)
|
Green Grass (kg)
|
Paddy Straw (kg)
|
|
Dry cows
|
-
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25 – 30
|
1.25
|
5.0
|
5 – 6
|
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Milking
|
1 kg for every 2.5 - 3.0 kg of milk
|
30
|
1.25 + 1 kg for every 2.5 - 3.0 kg of milk
|
5.0
|
5 – 6
|
|
Pregnant
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Production Allowance + 1 to 1.5 kg from 6th month of pregnancy
|
25 - 30
|
Maintenance + production + 1 to 1.5 kg from 6th month of pregnancy
|
5.0
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5 - 6
|
(Source: Kerala Agricultural University)
The total dry matter requirement of cattle is around 2-3 % of their body weight
though high yielding animals may eat at a rate more than 3%. Such factors as climate,
processing of feeds, palatability etc. influence the dry matter consumption. Good
quality grasses (Guinea, Napier etc.) with a minimum of 6 % crude protein on dry
matter basis alone can form maintenance ration of a cow of average size. But it
is possible to maintain milk production of up to 3-4 kg with grass- legume fodder.
Feeding of bulls
Male calves to be reared as future breeding bulls, should be fed on a higher plane
of nutrition than female calves.
Feeding schedule of bulls
|
Body weight (kg)
|
Concentrate mixture (kg)
|
Green grass (kg)
|
|
400-500
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2.5-3
|
20-25
|
A bull in service should be given good quality roughage with sufficient concentrates.
Too much roughage feeding should be avoided as it makes the bull paunchy and slow
in service. A large concentrate allowance may make the bull too much fatty and less
virile.
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